NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Geography Chapter 10 Climate

(i) Mean annual and mean monthly temperature and precipitation are the two climatic variables used by V. Koeppen for an empirical classification of climate.

(ii) Empirical classification is based on observed data, particularly on temperature and precipitation. Genetic classification attempts to organise climates according to their causes.

(iii) Tropical wet climate (Af) is found near the equator in the Amazon Basin in South America, western equatorial Africa and the islands of East Indies. The temperature is uniformly high and the annual range of temperature is negligible. The maximum temperature on any day is around 30°C while the minimum temperature is around 20°C.

(iv) Cooler and wetter weather and greater storminess occur, if the sun spots increase. A decrease in sunspot numbers may be a cause of warm and drier conditions.

(i)  A—Tropical Humid Climates: These climates are found within the tropics between Tropic of Cancer in the north and Tropic of Capricorn in the south. The sun's rays are almost vertical throughout the year and the presence of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) makes the climate hot and humid. This group of climates is further divided into three types of climates; namely Af-Tropical wet climate, Am-Tropical monsoon climate, and Aw-Tropical wet and dry climate.

B —Dry Climates: It is characterised by low rainfall that is not sufficient for the growth of plants. These climates cover vast areas extending from 15° to 60° north and south of the equator. The climates of this group are divided into steppe or semi-arid climate (BS) and desert climate (BW). They are further subdivided as subtropical steppe (BSh) and subtropical desert (BWh) at latitudes from 15° and 35° and mid-latitude steppe (BSk) and mid-latitude desert (BWk) at latitudes between 35° and 60°.

(ii) "C" climates represent warm temperate (mid latitude) climates extending from 30° to 50° latitudes mainly on the eastern and western coasts of continents. The areas of such climates have evergreen broadleaf and deciduous forests.

"A" climate is confined to tropics. Af climate is found in the Amazon Basin and western equatorial Africa where tropical evergreen rainforests grow. ‘Am’ is monsoon climate, which is dominated by tropical deciduous forests. The ‘Aw’ climate has deciduous forests and tree-shredded grasslands.

(iii)  Greenhouse gases are those gases that cause global warming and result in rise in atmospheric temperature. This is because these gases obstruct the outgoing terrestrial radiation from-the earth's surface.

The primary GHGs of concern today are carbon dioxide (CO₂), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and ozone (O₃). Some other gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) easily react with GHGs and affect their concentration in the atmosphere.

(i) (c) Mean monthly temperature of all the months more than 18° C

(ii) (d) Empirical

(iii) (d) “Am”

(iv) (b) 1998

(v) (b) A—C—D—E