(i) Geography is the study of "aerial differentiation". We observe large-scale variations in natural and man-made or cultural phenomena over the surface of the earth. These variations are concerned with both physical and man-made environment. Study of aerial differentiation is one of the primary objectives of geography. According to Hettner, "Geography studies the differences of phenomena usually related in different parts of the earth’s surface”.
Arial differentiation or variations in the phenomena over the earth’s surface are not the only concern of geography. For example, there are regional variations in the cropping pattern, which are associated with variations in soils, climate, market, capacity of the farmers and technological inputs available to the-farmers. The geography also tries to probe causal relationship between any two phenomena. With this view in mind, Richard Hartshorne gave his definition of geography in these words, “Geography is concerned with the description and explanation of the areal differentiation of the earth’s surface’’.
(ii) Geography, history, civics, and economics are closely related to one another. Geography is a discipline of synthesis. Its approach is holistic in nature and recognises the interdependence that exists in the world. Being an integrating discipline, geography is linked with several natural and social sciences. Geography helps in understanding the reality in totality in its spatial perspective. The relation of geography with several natural, social, and biological sciences clearly depicts that these sciences are closely related to geography because there are spatial changes in their elements. Geography is a subject, which is capable of making us understand the reality in totality in its spatial perspective. Thus, geography takes note of spatial variations in the phenomena and integrates them holistically. A geographer is supposed to have the basic knowledge of all the related fields so that he is able to integrate them. The integration of the related fields is necessary to have a proper understanding of geography.
(i) Cultural features observed while going to school include streets, roads, houses, shops, schools, parks, markets, places of worships, etc. They are dissimilar. They should be include in the study of geography because they form important segment of man-made features and are parts of human geography.
(ii) The shape of the earth resembles an orange because the earth is flat at the poles and it bulges out at the equator. An orange is also flat at its top and bottom and is round like earth.
(iii) Yes, we do celebrate Van Mahotsav in our school. We plant so many trees because they help us in maintaining ecological balance by consuming carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen. Moreover, trees help in maintaining soil fertility and reducing soil erosion.
(iv) All creatures like elephants, deer, earthworms, trees and grasses grow in biosphere. Biosphere is that part of the earth, which contains life. Biosphere lies at the enfaces between these inorganic realms of the earth, e.g., atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.
(i) (b) Erathosthenese
(ii) (c) Plain
(iii) (d) 1C, 2A, 3D, 4B
(iv) (a) Why
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