(i) The earth's axis makes an angle of 66.5° with the plane of its orbit round the sun has a greater influence on the amount of isolation received at different latitudes. In June, the Northern Hemisphere is inclined towards the sun and receives more solar radiation than the Southern Hemisphere. In December, the Southern Hemisphere is inclined towards the sun and receives more solar radiation than the Northern Hemisphere. Latitude also makes a difference in the amount of solar radiation received on the earth. The sun's rays are almost vertical near the equator for most part of the year and they are inclined at the poles. Therefore, the places near the equator receive more solar radiation than those located near the poles.
(i) Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics. Generally, at the same latitude the insolation is more over the continent than over the oceans. In winter, the middle and higher latitudes receive less radiation than in summer. Places near the equator are much hotter than those located near the poles. Summers are always hotter than winters. Therefore, the unequal distribution of heat over the earth in space and time cause large-scale variations in weather and climate.
(ii) The factors that control temperature distribution on the surface of the earth are latitude or distance from equator, height from sea level, distance from Ocean, ocean currents, prevailing winds, angle of slope, nature of land, rainfall, etc.
(iii) In India, the maximum day temperature is recorded in the first week of May. In June, the southwest monsoons arrive at the Kerala coast and advance further inland in June and July. These southwest moisture laden monsoon winds have cooling effect therefore; summer solstice in June is cooler than May.
(i) Insolation | (a) The difference between the mean temperature of the warmest and the coldest months |
(ii) Albedo | (b) The lines joining the places of equal temperature |
(iii) Isotherm | (c) The incoming solar radiation |
(iv) Annual range | (d) The percentage of visible light reflected by an object |
(i) (c) 23.5° N
(ii) (b) Chandigarh
(iii) (c) Long wave terrestrial radiation
(i) Insolation |
(c) The incoming solar radiation |
(ii) Albedo |
(d) The percentage of visible light reflected by an object |
(iii) Isotherm |
(b) The lines joining the places of equal temperature |
(iv) Annual range |
(a) The difference between the mean temperature of the warmest and the coldest months |
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