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Q:

Study the Figures 8.12 and 8.13 and answer the following questions.
(a) Which seasons are shown in these maps?
(b) What is the value of the highest isobar in Figure 8.12 and through which part of the country does it pass?
(c) What are the values of the highest and the lowest isobars in Figure 8.13 and where are they located?
(d) What are the patterns of temperature distribution in both the maps?
(e) In which parts do you see the highest and the lowest mean temperature in Figure 8.12?
(f) What relationship do you see between the distribution of temperature and pressure in both the maps?

A:
1. Map 8.12 shows the rainy season, as it starts with the onset of the southwest monsoon in June and continues till the middle of September. Map 8.13 shows the winter season and January and February are the coldest months in India.
2. 1010 mb, it passes through the Lakshadweep islands and south-west of Kerala.
3. The highest pressure isobar of 1020 mb passes through Jammu and Kashmir. The lowest pressure isobar of 1013 mb passes through Kerala, Lakshadweep islands, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
4. In July, most of the western India, coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu experience high temperature abound 30 °C, but the hilly and mountainous areas of India receive less temperature. In the month of January, mean temperature is around 20°C to 25°C in south India, but it is between 10°C to 20°C in northern India.
5. Western part of India receives highest mean temperature, i.e., 30°C. The northern Himalayas and Nilgiri hills receive lowest mean temperature i.e., 20°C.
6. The relationship between the distribution of temperature and pressure is that where temperature is high, the air pressure is low and where the temperature is low, the air pressure is high.
Q:

Answer the following question in not more than 125 words. Discuss how weather maps and charts are prepared and how they are useful to us.

A:

Observations about the temperature, rainfall, sunshine and cloudiness, direction and velocity of winds, etc., being taken at fixed hours are transmitted by code to the forecasting stations by the meteorological observatories. Data is also collected on ships plying on the Indian seas, weather observatories in Antarctica, the International Indian Ocean Expedition, and the launching of rockets and weather satellites. The central office keeps a record of the observations, which forms the basis for making a weather map. The atmospheric observations which are procured from hill stations, aeroplanes, pilot balloons, etc., are plotted separately. Meteorological observatories transmit the data to the Central Observatory at Pune twice a day.

The data received from various weather observatories cannot be incorporated in one single chart. Therefore, the meteorological symbols are used. Weather charts provide the primary tools for weather forecasting. They help in locating and identifying different air masses, pressure systems, fronts and areas of precipitation.

Weather forecasts help in taking safety measures in advance in case of the likelihood of bad weather, i.e., cyclone and thunderstorm, etc. Predicting weather a few days in advance may prove very useful to farmers and ship’s crew, industrialist, traders, pilots, fishermen, defence forces, etc.

Q:

Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) What are the basic elements of weather? (ii) What is a weather chart? (iii) Which instruments are normally available in Class-I observatory to measure the weather phenomena? (iv) What are Isotherms? (v) Which meteorological symbols are used to mark the following on a weather map? a) Rain b) Mist c) Sunshine d) Lightning e) Overcast Sky

A:

(i) The basic elements of weather are rainfall, temperature, sunshine and cloudiness, direction and velocity of winds, etc.

(ii) Weather chart is a map showing the principal meteorological elements at a given time and over an extended region. The data received from various weather observatories are in plenty and detailed and it cannot be incorporated in one single chart. Weather charts provide the primary tools for weather forecasting.

(iii) The highest category is Class-I. The following instruments are normally available in Class-I observatory to measure the weather phenomena.

  • Maximum and minimum thermometers
  • Anemometer and wind vane
  • Dry and Wet bulb thermometer
  • Rain gauge
  • Barometer

(iv) Lines on map connecting places of equal temperature are called Isotherms.

(v)

Q:

Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below. (i) Which department prepares the weather map of India for each day? (a) The World Meteorological Organisation (b) The Indian Meteorological Department (c) The Survey of India (d) None of these (ii) Which two liquids are used in maximum and minimum thermometers? (a) Mercury and water (b) Water and alcohol (c) Mercury and alcohol (d) None of these (iii) Lines connecting the places of equal pressure are called (a) Isobars (b) Isohyets (c) Isotherms (d) Isohels (iv) The primary tool for weather forecasting is (a) Thermometer (b) Barometer (c) Maps (d) Weather charts (v) If there is more humidity in the air, the difference between the readings of a dry bulb and a wet bulb will be (a) Less (b) More (c) Equal (d) None of these

A:

(i)   (b) The Indian Meteorological Department

(ii)  (c) Mercury and alcohol

(iii)  (a) Isobars

(iv)  (d) Weather charts

(v)   (a) Less

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