NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 6 Equality

The statement (b) and (d) both are consistent with the idea of equality because:

1. Decisions of government affects every individuals either men or women equally.
2. Women should not be discriminated on the basis of gender.
3. Equality and freedom are the two vital principles in a society; hence women cannot be denied the right to vote.

Yes, this recommendation is consistent on the basis of the principle of equality.

1. A democratic country should have the provisions to protect the interests of small and marginal farmers.
2. The small and the marginal farmers can get assistance from government for their betterment.
3. The farmers (medium and small) can get social, economic and political justice due to this arrangement.

a.Affirmative action: Banks offer higher rate of interest to senior citizen.

Appropriate instances:

1. Senior citizens have contributed to the development and service of society throughout their life.
2. Their age increases but their income decreases due to medical needs and social needs.

b.Equality of opportunity

      Appropriate instances:

1. Every child should get an equal opportunity to get education, i.e. on one should be discriminated on any ground
2. This type of inequalities is against the principle of equality.

c.Equal Rights: Every adult citizen has a right to vote.

1. This principle is based on one person one vote one value, i.e. every adult citizens enjoys the right to vote.
2. No citizen should be discriminated on any ground to exempt from enjoying right to vote.

1. This does not violate the principle of equality because every child is asked to perform the same activity without any discrimination
2. This violates the principle of equality due to discrimination on the basis of colour.
3. It is not violating the principle of equality because senior citizens should be honoured and every individual one day can enjoy the same privileges.
4. This do not violates the principle of equality because all tribal people have right to maintain their own culture.

Natural Inequalities:

1. Natural inequalities emerge due to differences in personal traits either physical, or mental or emotional.
2. These are the result of different characteristics and abilities of the inborn qualities of a man.
3. These natural differences cannot be changed.

Natural inequalities are always there but the state's positive intervention has reduced the effects of these natural inequalities.

The development of scientific tests to determine the inherent traits of individuals helped society to get the best services from different individuals.

Every individual must understand their true potential and limitations according to their different physical, mental and emotional traits.

Social inequalities:

0. Socially inequalities emerge as a result of unequal opportunities, i.e. family background, educational factors, etc.
1. Social differences reflect the values of society, which may appear to be unjust.
2. The discrimination based on gender, colour, race etc. have been made by society rather than based on inborn characteristics.
3. Some natural differences have become alterable also, i.e. advancement in medical sciences and technology has helped several differently abled persons to work more efficiently.
4. Some inequalities have been existing for centuries seem justified and are based on natural physical inequalities, i.e. women are considered weaker than man in every aspect, and hence to deny them equal rights is considered the justifiable.

There is a debate that inequality is natural because nature has endowed different men with different capabilities. We see someone as a gifted poet, other as a musician and some other as an engineer. A gifted poet or musician is the result of a child's first positive exposure to such a profession or close contact and guidance of persons of such professions. Natural traits matter upto a limited mark rest is perseverance and guidance of learned persons.

This debate is also called nature vs. nurture. Nature has endowed everyone with equal qualities but the circumstances in which an individual is born determines his capabilities. A poor mother always gives birth to a malnourished, distressed child. We only think about the child's surrounding after birth but before birth, (in the womb) conditions determines his/her future. A poor overworked pregnant mother never feels a moment of joy during the entire pregnancy due to her hard life conditions.

The inequalities that seem quite natural can be altered with the positive intervention of the state.

Economic equality:

It refers to availability of equal opportunities to one and all present in the society, without any discrimination.

1. Absolute economic equality of income has never existed in society. But democratic set up provides equal opportunities to at least those who are capable and possess potential with equal opportunities, inequalities may exist between individuals, but one’s position may be improved with the sincere efforts in the society.

Economic Inequalities:

1. Economic inequalities exist if there are differences in wealth, property or income between different sections of society.
2. It enhances the gap between the upper, middle, poor-rich and persons living below the poverty line

Measurement of economic inequalities:

1. To estimate the number of people who are living below the poverty line
2. To find out the differences between the rich and poor.

Importance of economic equality:

1. Economic equality guarantees each and everybody equal opportunities
2. Economic equality reduces the gap between the rich and the poor or high or middle class, etc.
3. Economic disparities can make society more violent because the reforms cannot take place in such a society.