NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 18 Peace

• Human beings created state for one’s own protection of honour and property
• State maintains law and order
• State protects the rights of its citizens by providing them a constitution, laws, police, judiciary and armed forces.
• State make efforts to end any type of violence created by social injustice and inequality based discriminations like untouchability, etc.
• A state should avoid those actions which may be source of violence against some particular groups.
• Some examples are:

• In 1984, a huge massacre of nearly 4,000 Sikhs took place in Delhi and the government could do nothing and even today, the victims feel that the guilty were not punished.
• Khalistan movement also forced Hindus to leave Punjab, Haryana and Delhi and Sikhs were forced to move to Punjab. Similarly, Hindu Kashmiri Pandits and Sikhs were also forced to leave Kashmir valley. And they could not return their home.
• Several Hindus and Muslims were massacred in Gujarat in 2002 and still today these members could not go back to the villages in which they lived.
• During the communist rule in USSR, people faced violence not to like the authoritarian policies of state.

A thought process of persons requires a positive attitude to promote peace because mind controls the way of thinking and behaviour of human beings.

1. Mind promotes peace but a wrong mind or attitude can create war.
2. Gautam Buddha also states that all wrong doing arises because of mind. If mind is transformed can wrong doing remain?
3. The UNESCO also observed that since wars begin in minds of humans, it is also in the mind of men to make an approach in a peaceful manner.
4. To facilitate such an endeavour various spiritual principles like compassion and practices like meditation perform peaceful approaches.
5. Though violence does not originate only in individual psyche but deep-rooted also in certain social structures.
6. Peace is process involving an active pursuit of the moral and material resources needed to establish human welfare.

• Even the violence used by liberation struggles is not justified. Because if violence is accepted as an apparatus it tends to spin out of control, leaving behind a trail of death and destruction.
• The pacifists advocate the use of love and truth to win the hearts and minds of the oppressors.
• Sometimes people consider non-violence is the method of weak. Mahatma Gandhi rejected this understanding of the philosophy of non-violence.
• Gandhiji gave an idea of non-violence in a positive way. Ahimsa required an element of conscious compassion.
• To counter violence roots of violence needs to be curbed so that no violent element crops up in society. With the stress of peaceful means and teachings on peace at early age, lasting peace can be brought in the world. The Image of a powerful state apparatus will stop the birth of a violent movement.
• Non-violence does not just refer to causing physical harm, mental harm or loss of livelihood and it also meant giving up even thought of harming someone.

The given statement is true because:

• Peace is a central theme in the original teachings of religions which has been advocated by various philosophers like Mahatma Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Dalai Lama, etc.
• The state was expected to use its force, its army, and police, to protect its citizens, in practice, these forces could be deployed against its members to suppress dissent. this is clearly evident in authoritarian regimes and military dictatorship ruling Myanmar.
• Freedom, equality, and justice are the most cherished values in every civilized society. History is witness that Lack or denial of these values give birth to counter-revolutions. For example the French Revolution was fought on the slogan of 'freedom, equality, and fraternity'.

The major approaches to the establishment of peace in the world have been differentiated as follows:

• Different strategies have been used for the pursuit and maintenance of peace. These have been shaped by three distinct approaches.
• The first approach with centrally to the states, respects their sovereignty and treats competition among them as a fact of life.
• Its chief concern is with the proper management of this competition and with the containment of possible conflict through interstate arrangements like balance of power.
• Such a balance is said to have prevailed in the 19^th century when the major European countries turned their struggle for power by forming alliances that deferred potential aggressors and checked the outbreak of a great war.
• The second approach too grants the deep rooted nature of interstate rivalry. But it stresses the positive presence and possibilities of interdependence.
• This approach underscores the increasing social and economic cooperation among nations. Such cooperation is expected to temper state sovereignty and promote international understanding.
• Consequently global conflict would be reduced, leading to better prospects of peace.
• An example frequently cited by supporter of this approach is that post World War II Europe which secured durable peace by graduating from economic integration to political unification.
• The third approach considers the state system to be passing phase of human history. It envisages the emergence of a supra-national order and sees the fostering of a global community as the surest guarantee of peace.
• The seeds of such a community are found in the expanding interactions and coalitions across state boundaries that involve diverse non-government actors like MNCs and people’s movement.
• The proponents of third (or this) approach argue that the ongoing process of globalization is further eroding the already diminished primacy and sovereignty of the state, thereby creating conditions conducive to the establishment of world peace.