NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Political Science Chapter 20 The Philosophy of the Constitution

(iii) Bring independence from colonial rule.

1. This is connected with social justice under the right to equality, no one can be discriminated on the ground of colour, race, religion or sex, etc.
2. This is based on the principle of utility of different items only, it comes under economic justice.
3. This is primarily related with secularism.
4. This is also related to social justice, not to be discriminated on any grounds except capability.

a. that state will have nothing to do with religion

d. that state will recognize rights of religious groups

e. that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions

• On the social conditions, there may be very controversial matters which may need careful revision:
• The most important issue is gender justice, particular within the family
• Women enjoy unequal rights on property, inheritance and children
• Equal pay for equal work (Article 39) for both men and women has been inserted in the directive principles in place of Fundamental rights.

Following are the recommendation:

1. Empowerment of women
2. Provisions for the inheritance of property in favour of women on an equal basis.
3. Provision for reservations of seats.

I do not agree with Jayesh that there is nothing original in the constitution of India because many provisions have been borrowed from the constitutions of other countries. But it was never a blind borrowing. It was innovative borrowing. When we were drafting the Constitution, efforts were made to amalgamate western and traditional Indian values. It was a process of selective adaptation and not borrowing.

I agree with Saba’s view. Many Indians have not only adopted modern ways of thinking but have made these their own. For them, westernization became a form of protest against the filth in their own tradition. When western modernity began to interact with local cultural systems, something like a hybrid culture began to emerge, possibly by creative adaptation, for which a parallel can be found neither in western modernity nor in indigenous tradition.

Neha countered him that our national movement was not against the British, but it was against the principle of colonialism. Hence, we may adopt the goodness of any entity if it suits us. So we can say that there is no issue in borrowing the provisions from other countries as per our suitability.

1. This statement shows relevancy today.
2. This statement is not relevant today.
3. It states that these are relevant today.

1. Yes, I agree with this because it is necessary to understand and interpret the various articles which contain a lot of legal terms, not to be easily comprehended.
2. I do not agree with this statement, because the constitution has been amended more than 100 times till date to match with the changing times.
3. I Agree with it. Because present challenges have not changed totally.

• The constitution of India was framed in November 1946 through the indirect election of its member by the provisional legislature under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan 1946.
• The Assembly consisted of 389 members out of which 292 were to be elected from the provinces, 93 were to be nominated from Chief Commissioner’s areas.
• Each provincial assembly elected its own members through a single transferable vote system.
• Due to partition in June 1947 under Mountbatten Plan, this membership reduced to 299 and finally 284 members signed on the constitution on 26 November 1949.
• On August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly functioned as a sovereign entity but it is considered unrepresentative because its members were chosen by a restricted franchise in place of universal suffrage.
• But Constituent Assembly included the member from each and every section of society to be represented and on a thorough reading, we may find that no section is untouched on the various issues and opinions. 

The directive principles of state policy focus on the need of an egalitarian society:

• Complementary to fundamental rights because fundamental rights ensure the political democracy while these principles aim at socio-economic democracy.
• Fundamental rights are justiciable or protected by law where directive principles are moral values supposed to be followed by the government.
• So, in a poor country, certain basic socio-economic rights were inserted in directive principles rather than making it in the fundamental rights.
• Our country was so poor at that time, when it was not possible to give much pressure on the states for economic moral values.
• Under Article 37 of the constitution, It shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws.
• If any government overlooks these, it will lose confidence of people and cannot remain in power.