(i) Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. In the early stages or their interaction with their natural environment humans were greatly influenced by the nature. They adapted to the dictates of nature. This is so because the level of technology was very low and the stage of human social development was also primitive. This type of interaction between human society and strong forces of nature was termed as environmental determinism. It states that human history, culture, life style, and stages of development are influenced by the physical environment like climate, soil, mountain, plateau, plains, etc. It considers human as passive agents, whose attitude, decision making is influenced by natural environment. The physical environment for such societies becomes the “Mother Nature”.
(ii) Human geography is every vast subject the scholars different from each other regarding the scope or subject matter of human geography. The majority of the great thinkers have defined the subject as the study of the relationships of man to his environment or the reactions or action or man upon nature. Geography is a holistic and interdisciplinary field of study engaged in understanding the changing spatial structure from past to the future. Thus, the scope of geography is in various disciplines, like armed services, environment management, rural management, urban planning, water resources, disaster management, meteriology and planning and various social sciences. Apart from that, a geographer can help in day to day life like tourism, trading, housing and health related activities.
(i) According to Ratzel, “Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth’s surface”.
(ii) The sub-fields of human geography are following:
(iii) Human geography develops close interface with other sister disciplines in social sciences in order to understand and explain human elements on the surface of the earth. It is related to large number of social sciences like psychology, urban studies and planning, demography, urban/rural planning, political science, anthropology, history, epidemology, international trade, etc.
(i) (d) not relevant in the present time due to the development of technology.
(ii) (c) samples of rock materials from the moon
(iii) (a) human intelligence
(iv) (c) Quantitative revolution
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