(i) If the place of birth is different from the place of enumeration is known as life-time migrant. If the place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration is known as migrant by place of last residence.
(ii) Males migrate in large numbers from rural to urban areas in search of jobs, whereas females migrate due to marriage. Women contribute to all migration streams mainly for marriage, followed by employment, and education.
(iii) Young males migrate in large numbers from rural to urban areas. Thus, the number of young males is reduced in village, but increase in cities or urban areas. Females, old people and children are stay back at village. Consequently, rural-urban migration affects age and sex structure of a place of origin and destination. High out migration from Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra have brought serious imbalances in age and sex composition in these states. Similar imbalances are also brought in the recipients states.
(i) Census 2001 has recorded that more than 5 million Indians have migrated to other countries. Out of the total migration, 96% came from Bangladesh (3.0 million) followed by Pakistan (0.9 million) and Nepal (0.5 million). It includes 0.16 million refugees whose come from Tibet, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, and Myanmar. It is also estimated that there are around 20 million people of Indian, spread across 110 countries of the world. Remittances from the international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange. In 2002, India received US$ 11 billion as remittances from international migrants. Punjab, Kerala and Tamil Nadu receive very significant amount from their international migrants. Remittances are mainly used personal or family purposes like food, repayment of debts, marriages, medical treatment, children’s education, construction of houses, etc. For thousands of the poor villages of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, etc., remittance provides strength and energy for their economy.
(ii) The socio demographic consequences of migration are followings:
Social Consequences: Migrants are very good agents of social change as they bring new ideas related to new technologies, family planning, girl’s education, etc. Migration leads to intermixing of people from different caste, beliefs, regions, religions and languages. It breaks the narrow consideration and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large. But at the same time, it also has serious negative consequences such as anonymity, which creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals. Aspects of cultural identity are lost, especially in second generation children. Continued feeling of dejection may motivate people to fall in the trap of anti-social activities like cheating, crime and drug abuse.
Demographic consequences: Migration leads to the redistribution of the population within a country. Migration is one of the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities. Age and skill selective out migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic structure, as only the able young people migrate from village to cities for jobs, and other members of family stay back at village. High out migration from Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra have brought serious imbalances in age and sex composition in these states. Similar imbalances are also brought in the recipients states.
(i) (c) Work and employment
(ii) (c) Maharashtra
(iii) (c) Rural-urban
(iv) (a) Mumbai UA
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