(i). Birth Rate: The birth rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year.
Death Rate: Death rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
(ii). Urban centres provide vast opportunity for employment, better living conditions, peace and stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate, etc. Thus, they pull people from the rural area. This is known as the pull factors.
Unemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness, etc., push people from rural areas and are known as push factors.
(i). The geographical factors that influence the distribution of population are availability of water, landforms, climate, soil, etc.
(ii). Some areas like the North-Eastern part of U.S.A., North-Western part of Europe, South, South-East and East Asia, etc., have high density of population due to the fertile plains, suitable climate, availability of water, mineral resources, urbanization, industrialization, political stability, etc.
(iii). Three components of population change are follows:
(i) Factors influencing the distribution of population
(ii) Demographic transition theory tells us that population of any region changes from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These changes occur in the following stages.
The first stage has high fertility and high mortality. Life expectancy is low; people are mostly illiterate and have low levels of technology. The population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where large families are an asset.
In the beginning of second stage fertility remains high but it declines with time. Mortality rate also decline as the time passes. Improvements in sanitation and health conditions lead to decline in mortality; as a result the net addition to population is high.
In the third stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has high technical know how and deliberately controls the family size.
i. (a) Africa
ii. (b) South-east Asia
iii. (b) Medical/educational facilities
iv. (b) It took 100 years for the population to rise from 5 billion to 6 billion.
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