a. The Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the global commons.
c. The environmental degradation caused by human activities has become pervasive and has reached a dangerous level.
Global Environmental issues became the priority of states since the 1990s because at global level, the environmental issues drew attentions of various states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janerio in Brazil in June 1992 through Agenda 21:
The outcomes of the summit are as follows:
(a) Rio Summit worked out conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21.
(b) The summit brought out the concept of sustainable development combining economic growth with ecological responsibility.
(c) It also touched upon various contentious issues like Commons, Global commons in global politics of environment.
The ‘Global Commons’ refers to resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of any one nation State.
International law identifies four global commons namely:
With the advancement of science and technology in recent years it has made access to resources in the Global Commons easier, leading to an increase in activities in these resource domains, some types of which lack effective laws or policies to control and regulate such uses.
For example, Antarctica is facing rapid environmental degradation due to human pressures such as pollution, and the effects of global warming.
a. It was attended by 170 countries, thousands of NGOs and many MNCs. (Correct)
b. The summit was held under the aegis of the UN. (Wrong)
c. For the first time, global environmental issues were firmly consolidated at the political level. (Correct)
d. It was a summit meeting. (Wrong)
We can implement the idea with the help of conventions and declarations:
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