NCERT Solutions Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13

The NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 Hydrocarbons discusses the classification of hydrocarbons in detail. The chapter also delves into topics such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and carcinogenicity and toxicity. The practice questions at the end of the chapter in the NCERT books help students to understand the concepts in a better way.

When solving the questions, students can refer to NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 by Extramarks. The solutions are prepared by subject-matter experts at Extramarks, who have ensured that every answer is accurate and explained in a detailed manner.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 – Hydrocarbons

Students can kick start their preparation for Chapter 13 Hydrocarbons by accessing the NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 on Extramarks. Prepared by subject-matter experts, the solutions comprise answers to all the NCERT textbook questions for the Hydrocarbons chapter. 

Access NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter 13- Hydrocarbons

The NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter 13 on Extramarks have accurate and detailed answers of all the questions that are listed in NCERT textbook. Students can refer to the solutions to prepare for school as well as competitive exams. 

NCERT Exercise

Some of the questions listed in the NCERT exercise section of Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 are:

  1. How do you account for the formation of Ethane during the Chlorination of Methane?
  2. Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds: (i) Pent-2-ene

(ii) 3,4-Dimethyl-hept-3-ene

(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene

(iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene

  1. Write the structure and IUPAC name of the alkene ‘A’. The Alkene ‘A’ gives a mixture of Ethanal and Pentan-3-one on ozonolysis.
  2. Write chemical equations for combustion reaction of the following hydrocarbons: 
  • Butane
  • Hexyne
  • Toluene
  • Pentene

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 – Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons can feature simple or relatively complex structures and are classified into four subcategories – alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The study of hydrocarbons can provide insight into the chemical properties of other functional groups and their preparation. 

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 – Hydrocarbons helps students in understanding the concept in a better way. Students can access the solutions to prepare for exams or get more clarity on Chapter 13.

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry – Free Download

The experts at Extramarks have prepared NCERT solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 in simple language with all the concepts explained through pictures, diagrams, and examples. 

Access the solutions on Extramarks to take your exam preparation to the next level.

Chapter 13 – The Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon. Chapter 13 deals with the classification of Hydrocarbons into:

  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
  • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  • Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

Structure

The structure of hydrocarbons is simple wherein the Alkanes are the most basic hydrocarbons. Single bonds between carbon atoms are used exclusively in the production of alkanes. The main elements of fossil fuels are hydrocarbons and their derivatives, which release energy when burned. Hydrocarbons are also important components of lubricating oils, greases, solvents, fuels, wax, asphalts, cosmetics, and polymers, in addition to their fuel applications. [6] These non-fuel hydrocarbon applications could be extremely beneficial to society and the economy.

In Alkenes, the central carbon chain consists of at least one double bond between carbon atoms. In Alkynes, the central carbon chain contains at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

Points to be Noted

In Alkenes

  • The carbon-carbon double bond in Alkenes consists of one π-bond and one σ bond.
  • Alkenes are more reactive than Alkanes because of the electron density in their pi bonds.

In Alkynes

  • The carbon-carbon triple bond has one σ and two π bonds.
  • More exposure to π electrons is the reason for alkylene undergoing different reactions.

Nomenclature

IUPAC System

The IUPAC system of nomenclature was created to create a worldwide standard for naming chemicals in order to ease communication. The system’s purpose is to provide each structure with a distinct and unambiguous name, as well as to associate each name with a distinct and unambiguous structure. The IUPAC system names a molecule’s longest chain of carbons joined by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or a ring. Prefixes and suffixes are used to denote all deviations, whether multiple bonds or atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, according to a set of priorities.

The chapter talks about the nomenclature guidelines for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes in detail explaining to students the step-by-step process to write IUPAC names for structural formulas of hydrocarbons.

Preparation

The chapter also delves into the preparation of alkynes from calcium carbide.

Benzene was an Amalgamation of These Two Forms

The molecular formula for Benzene is C6H6. The formula, however, represents that Benzene is too unsaturated. The Kekule structure shows the chances of two isomeric 1, 2-dibromobenzene. One of them is when the bromine atoms attach to the double bond C atoms. In the other one, bromine atoms are attached to the single bond C.

The structure, however, was not successful in the unique stability of benzene and its inclination towards substitution reactions in place of addition reactions.

Chapter 13 talks about Benzene being an amalgamation of two forms. It talks about the Resonance Structure of Benzene and Orbital Structure of Benzene.

Condition for Aromaticity

Aromaticity is the property of sp2 hybridised planar rings where p orbitals give the permission for the cyclic delocalisation of π electrons.

Chapter 13 discusses the following conditions for Aromaticity:

  • Aromatic compounds are cyclic or planar.
  • Every atom has p orbital in an aromatic ring. The p orbital should be parallel so that an overlapping is made around the ring.
  • The cyclic  π molecular orbital formed by overlap of p orbitals must have (4n + 2)  π electrons. n represents any integer such as 0, 1, 2, 3 etc. 

Physical Properties of Benzene

  • Benzene is immiscible in water but soluble in organic solvents.
  • It is a colourless liquid with an aromatic odour.
  • It has a density of 0.87g cm-3. 
  • Benzene has a moderate boiling point and a high melting point.
  • Benzene shows resonance.
  • It is highly inflammable and burns with a sooty flame.

Chemical Properties of Benzene

The chemical reactions that Benzene goes through are:

  • Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
  • Addition Reaction

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions

An electrophilic substitution reaction is a chemical reaction where an electrophile replaces a functional group attached to a compound. This displaced functional group is usually a hydrogen atom. 

Key Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 have been prepared by subject-matter experts. Here are the key features of our solutions:

  • Detailed answer for every question given in the Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 13 NCERT textbook
  • High accuracy level
  • Easily accessible on Extramarks website or mobile app

Q.1 How do you account for the formation of ethane during chlorination of methane?

Ans.

Chlorination of methane proceeds via a free radical chain mechanism. The whole reaction takes place in the given three steps.
Step 1: Initiation:
The reaction begins with the homolytic cleavage of Cl – Cl bond as:

ClCl hv C l+ C Chlorinefreeradicals MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGdb GaaeiBaiaaysW7caqGuaIaaGjbVlaaboeacaqGSbGaaGjbVpaaoqca leaacaqGObGaaeODaaqabOGaayPKHaGaaGjbVpaaxacabaGaae4qaa WcbeqaaiaabkciaaGccaqGSbGaaGjbVlaabUcacaaMe8+aaCbiaeaa caqGdbaaleqabaGaaeOiGaaaaOqaaiaaboeacaqGObGaaeiBaiaab+ gacaqGYbGaaeyAaiaab6gacaqGLbGaaGjbVlaabAgacaqGYbGaaeyz aiaabwgacaaMe8UaaeOCaiaabggacaqGKbGaaeyAaiaabogacaqGHb GaaeiBaiaabohaaaaa@615F@

Step 2: Propagation:

n the second step, chlorine free radicals attack methane molecules and break down the C-H bond to generate methyl radicals as:

CH4 + C l hv C H 3 + H – Cl MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaae4qaiaabI eadaWgaaWcbaGaaeinaaqabaGccaqGGaGaae4kaiaabccadaWfGaqa aiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGIacaaOGaaeiBaiaabccadaGdKaWcbaGaae iAaiaabAhaaeqakiaawkziaiaaysW7daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaa caqGIacaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaakiaabccacaqGRa GaaeiiaiaabIeacaqGGaGaaeifGiaabccacaqGdbGaaeiBaaaa@4C96@

Methane

These methyl radicals react with other chlorine free radicals to form methyl chloride along with the liberation of a chlorine free radical.

C H 3 + Cl – Cl CH 3 – Cl Methylchloride + C l MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbiaeaaca qGdbaaleqabaGaaeOiGaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaGc caqGGaGaae4kaiaabccacaqGdbGaaeiBaiaabccacaqGuaIaaeiiai aaboeacaqGSbWaa4ajaSqaaaqabOGaayPKHaWaaCbeaeaacaaMe8Ua ae4qaiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaGccaqGGaGaaeiiaiaabs bicaqGGaGaae4qaiaabYgacaaMe8oaleaacaqGnbGaaeyzaiaabsha caqGObGaaeyEaiaabYgacaaMe8Uaae4yaiaabIgacaqGSbGaae4Bai aabkhacaqGPbGaaeizaiaabwgaaeqaaOGaae4kaiaaysW7daWfGaqa aiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGIacaaOGaaeiBaaaa@5FD8@

Hence, methyl free radicals and chlorine free radicals set up a chain reaction. While HCl and CH3Cl are the major products formed, other higher halogenated compounds are also formed as:

CH 3 + Cl + C l C H 2 Cl+HCl C H 2 Cl+ClCl CH 2 Cl 2 + C l MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGdb GaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaakiaabccacaqGRaGaaeiiaiaa boeacaqGSbGaaeiiaiaabUcacaqGGaWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqaba GaaeOiGaaakiaabYgadaGdKaWcbaaabeGccaGLsgcadaWfGaqaaiaa boeaaSqabeaacaqGIacaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaaki aaboeacaqGSbGaaGjbVlaabUcacaaMe8UaaeisaiaaboeacaqGSbaa baWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeOiGaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcba GaaeOmaaqabaGccaqGdbGaaeiBaiaaysW7caqGRaGaaGjbVlaaboea caqGSbGaaGjbVlaabobicaaMe8Uaae4qaiaabYgadaGdKaWcbaaabe GccaGLsgcacaqGdbGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaakiaaboea caqGSbWaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOGaaeiiaiaabUcacaqGGaWaaC biaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeOiGaaakiaabYgaaaaa@697C@

Step 3: Termination:
Formation of ethane is a result of the termination of chain reactions taking place as a result of the consumption of reactants as:

C l+ C l ClCl H 3 C + C H 3 H 3 C CH 3 ( Ethane ) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaadaWfGa qaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGIacaaOGaaeiBaiaaysW7caqGRaGaaGjb VpaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabkciaaGccaqGSbGaaGjbVpaaoq caleaaaeqakiaawkziaiaaysW7caqGdbGaaeiBaiaaysW7caqGtaIa aGjbVlaaboeacaqGSbaabaGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaakm aaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabkciaaGccaaMe8Uaae4kaiaaysW7 daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGIacaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaaca qGZaaabeaakiaaysW7daGdKaWcbaaabeGccaGLsgcacaaMe8+aaCbe aeaacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabodaaeqaaOGaae4qaiaaysW7caqGta IaaGjbVlaaboeacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabodaaeqaaaqaamaabmaa baGaaeyraiaabshacaqGObGaaeyyaiaab6gacaqGLbaacaGLOaGaay zkaaaabeaaaaaa@6A7C@

Hence, by this process, ethane is obtained as a by-product of chlorination of methane.

Q.2 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

a. CH3CH = C(CH3)2

b. CH2 = CH – CC – CH3

c.

d.

e.

f. CH 3 ( CH 2 ) 4 C | H ( CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 CH 2 –CH ( CH 3 ) 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbyacaqGdb GaaeisamaaBaaaleaajugGbiaabodaaSqabaqcLbyadaqadaGcbaqc LbyacaqGdbGaaeisamaaBaaaleaajugGbiaabkdaaSqabaaakiaawI cacaGLPaaajugGbmaaBaaaleaajugGbiaabsdaaSqabaqcLbyadaWf qaGcbaqcLbyadaWfqaGcbaqcLbyacaqGdbaaleaajugGbiacasDG8b aaleqaaKqzagGaaeisamaabmaakeaajugGbiaaboeacaqGibWaaSba aSqaaKqzagGaaeOmaaWcbeaaaOGaayjkaiaawMcaaKqzagWaaSbaaS qaaKqzagGaae4maaWcbeaajugGbiaaboeacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaKqz agGaae4maaWcbeaaaeaajugGbiacacirbWgaboeacGaGasuaSbqGib WaiaiGefaBaSbaaWqaiaiGefaBaKqzagGaiaiGefaBaeOmaaadbKaG asuaSbaajugGbiacacirbWgabobicGaGasuaSbqGdbGaiaiGefaBae isamacacirbWgabmaaleacacirbWgajugGbiacacirbWgaboeacGaG asuaSbqGibWaiaiGefaBaSbaaWqaiaiGefaBaKqzagGaiaiGefaBae 4maaadbKaGasuaSbaaaSGaiaiGefaBayjkaiacacirbWgawMcaaKqz agWaiaiGefaBaSbaaWqaiaiGefaBaKqzagGaiaiGefaBaeOmaiacac irbWgaysW7cGaGasuaSbaMe8UaiaiGefaBaGjbVlacacirbWgaysW7 cGaGasuaSbaMe8UaiaiGefaBaGjbVlacacirbWgaysW7aWqajaiGef aBaaaaleqaaaaa@A8E0@ g. CH 3 CH=CH CH 2 CH=CH C | H C 2 H 5 CH 2 –CH= CH 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbyacaqGdb GaaeisaOWaaSbaaSqaaKqzagGaae4maaWcbeaakiaaysW7jugGbiaa bobicaaMe8Uaae4qaiaabIeacaaMe8UaaeypaiaaysW7caqGdbGaae isaiaaysW7caqGtaIaaGjbVlaaboeacaqGibGcdaWgaaWcbaqcLbya caqGYaaaleqaaOGaaGjbVNqzagGaae4eGiaaysW7caqGdbGaaeisai aaysW7caqG9aGaaGjbVlaaboeacaqGibGaaGjbVlaabobicaaMe8Uc daWfqaqaamaaxababaqcLbyacaqGdbaaleabU=FcLbyacGaGWgiFaa WcbeaajugGbiaabIeacaaMe8Uaae4eGiaaysW7aSqaaKqzagGaiai4 boeakmacac+gaaadbGaGGNqzagGaiai4bkdaaWqajai4aKqzagGaia i4bIeakmacac+gaaadbGaGGNqzagGaiai4bwdaaWqajai4aaWcbeaa jugGbiaaboeacaqGibGcdaWgaaWcbaqcLbyacaqGYaaaleqaaOGaaG jbVNqzagGaae4eGiaaboeacaqGibGaaGjbVlaab2dacaaMe8Uaae4q aiaabIeakmaaBaaaleaajugGbiaabkdaaSqabaaaaa@8F64@

Ans.

(a)

H 3 C 4 C 3 H= C 2 | C 1 CH 3 H 3 IUPACnam:2-Methylbut-2-ene MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGib WaaSbaaSqaaiaabodaaeqaaOWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaein aaaakiaabobidaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGZaaaaOGaaeisai aab2dadaWfqaqaamaaxababaWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeOm aaaaaeaacaqG8baabeaakiaabobidaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaaca qGXaaaaaqaaKqzagGaialVboeacGaS8gisamacWY7gaaadbGaS8Mqz GeGaialVbodaaWqajalVaSGaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8oabeaakiaabI eadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaaakeaacaqGjbGaaeyvaiaabcfacaqG bbGaae4qaiaaysW7caqGUbGaaeyyaiaab2gacaqG6aGaaGjbVlaabk dacaqGTaGaaeytaiaabwgacaqG0bGaaeiAaiaabMhacaqGSbGaaeOy aiaabwhacaqG0bGaaeylaiaabkdacaqGTaGaaeyzaiaab6gacaqGLb aaaaa@6F3E@

(b)

C 1 H 2 = C 2 H C 3 C 4 C 5 H 3 IUPACname:Pent-1-ene-3-yne MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaadaWfGa qaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGXaaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaa beaakiaaysW7caqG9aGaaGjbVpaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabk daaaGccaqGibGaaGjbVlaabobicaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqa baGaae4maaaakiabggMi6oaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabsdaaa GccaaMe8Uaae4eGiaaysW7daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG1aaa aOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaaaOqaaiaabMeacaqGvbGaae iuaiaabgeacaqGdbGaaGjbVlaab6gacaqGHbGaaeyBaiaabwgacaqG 6aGaaGjbVlaabcfacaqGLbGaaeOBaiaabshacaqGTaGaaeymaiaab2 cacaqGLbGaaeOBaiaabwgacaqGTaGaae4maiaab2cacaqG5bGaaeOB aiaabwgaaaaa@6919@

(c)

can be written as:

H 2 C 1 = C 2 H– C 3 H= C 4 H 2 IUPACname:1,3-Butadiene or Butta-1,3-diene MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGib WaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeym aaaakiaab2dadaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGYaaaaOGaaeisai aabobidaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGZaaaaOGaaeisaiaab2da daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG0aaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaaca qGYaaabeaaaOqaaiaabMeacaqGvbGaaeiuaiaabgeacaqGdbGaaGjb Vlaab6gacaqGHbGaaeyBaiaabwgacaqG6aGaaGjbVlaabgdacaqGSa GaaGjbVlaabodacaqGTaGaaeOqaiaabwhacaqG0bGaaeyyaiaabsga caqGPbGaaeyzaiaab6gacaqGLbGaaeiiaiaab+gacaqGYbGaaeiiai aabkeacaqG1bGaaeiDaiaabshacaqGHbGaaeylaiaabgdacaqGSaGa ae4maiaab2cacaqGKbGaaeyAaiaabwgacaqGUbGaaeyzaaaaaa@6BED@

(d)

IUPAC: name 4Phenyl but-1-ene

(e)

IUPAC: name: 2-Methyl Phenol

(f)

CH 3 ( CH 2 ) 4 C | H ( CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 CH 2 –CH ( CH 3 ) 2 canbewrittenas: MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbyacaqGdb GaaeisaOWaaSbaaSqaaKqzagGaae4maaWcbeaakmaabmaabaqcLbya caqGdbGaaeisaOWaaSbaaSqaaKqzagGaaeOmaaWcbeaaaOGaayjkai aawMcaamaaBaaaleaajugGbiaabsdaaSqabaGcdaWfqaqaamaaxaba baqcLbyacaqGdbaaleaajugGbiacasDG8baaleqaaKqzagGaaeisaO WaaeWaaeaajugGbiaaboeacaqGibGcdaWgaaWcbaqcLbyacaqGYaaa leqaaaGccaGLOaGaayzkaaWaaSbaaSqaaKqzagGaae4maaWcbeaaju gGbiaaboeacaqGibGcdaWgaaWcbaqcLbyacaqGZaaaleqaaaqaaKqz agGaiaiGefaBae4qaiacacirbWgabIeakmacacirbWgaBaaameacac irbWgajugGbiacacirbWgabkdaaWqajaiGefaBaaqcLbyacGaGasua SbqGtaIaiaiGefaBae4qaiacacirbWgabIeakmacacirbWgabmaale acacirbWgajugGbiacacirbWgaboeacGaGasuaSbqGibGcdGaGasua SbWgaaadbGaGasuaSbqcLbyacGaGasuaSbqGZaaameqcacirbWgaaa WccGaGasuaSbGLOaGaiaiGefaBayzkaaGcdGaGasuaSbWgaaadbGaG asuaSbqcLbyacGaGasuaSbqGYaGaiaiGefaBaGjbVlacacirbWgays W7cGaGasuaSbaMe8UaiaiGefaBaGjbVlacacirbWgaysW7cGaGasua SbaMe8UaiaiGefaBaGjbVdadbKaGasuaSbaaaSqabaGccaqGJbGaae yyaiaab6gacaaMe8UaaeOyaiaabwgacaaMe8Uaae4DaiaabkhacaqG PbGaaeiDaiaabshacaqGLbGaaeOBaiaaysW7caqGHbGaae4CaiaabQ daaaa@B5FE@ C 10 H 3 C 9 H 2 C 8 H 2 C 7 H 2 C 6 H 2 C 5 | H 2 C 4 H 2 C 3 H 2 CH 2 C | H– CH 3 CH 3 C 2 H 2 C 1 H 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaCbiaeaaca qGdbaaleqabaGaaeymaiaabcdaaaGccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaaboda aeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabobicaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaae yoaaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaaMe8Uaae4eGmaa xacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabIdaaaGccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabk daaeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabobicaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGa ae4naaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaaMe8Uaae4eGi aaysW7daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG2aaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaa leaacaqGYaaabeaakiaaysW7caqGtaIaaGjbVpaaxababaWaaCbeae aadaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG1aaaaaqaaiaabYhaaeqaaOGa aeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaakiaaysW7caqGtaIaaGjbVpaaxa cabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabsdaaaGccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabkda aeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabobicaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaae 4maaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaaMe8oaleaadGaG SxIhaeacaYUaiai7boeacGaGShisamacaY+gaaadbGaGSlacaYEGYa aabKaGSdWccGaGSh4eGmacaY+fqaqaiai7dGaGSFbeaeacaYUaiai7 boeaaWqaiai7cGaGShiFaaqajai7aSGaiai7bIeacGaGSh4eGaadbG aGSlacaYEGdbGaiai7bIeadGaGSVbaaeacaYUaiai7bodaaeqcaYoa aeqcaYoaliacaYEGdbGaiai7bIeadGaGSVbaaWqaiai7cGaGSh4maa qajai7aaaaliacaYoMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7 caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVl aaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8oabeaakiaabobidaWfGaqa aiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGYaaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabe aakiaaysW7caqGtaYaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeymaaaakiaa bIeadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaaaaa@D3BB@

IUPAC name: 5-(2-Methyl propyl)-decane

(g)

C 10 H 3 C 9 H= C 8 H C 7 H 2 C 6 H= C 5 H C 4 | H C 2 H 5 C 3 H 2 C 2 H C 1 H 2 IUPACname:4-Ethyldeca-1,5,8-triene MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaadaWfGa qaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGXaGaaeimaaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGa ae4maaqabaGccaaMe8Uaae4eGiaaysW7daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabe aacaqG5aaaaOGaaeisaiaaysW7caqG9aWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqa baGaaeioaaaakiaabIeacaaMe8Uaae4eGiaaysW7daWfGaqaaiaabo eaaSqabeaacaqG3aaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaakiaa ysW7caqGtaIaaGjbVpaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabAdaaaGcca qGibGaaGjbVlaab2dacaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeyn aaaakiaabIeacaaMe8Uaae4eGiaaysW7daWfqaqaamaaxababaWaaC biaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeinaaaaaeaacaqG8baabeaakiaabIea caaMe8Uaae4eGaWcbaqcLbyacGaJ8g4qamacmY7gaaadbGaJ8MqzGe GaiWiVbkdaaWqajWiVaKqzagGaiWiVbIeadGaJ8UbaaWqaiWiVjugi biacmYBG1aaameqcmYlaaSqabaGccaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaale qabaGaae4maaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaaMe8Ua ae4eGmaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabkdaaaGccaqGibGaaGjbVl aabobidaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGXaaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaa leaacaqGYaaabeaaaOqaaiaabMeacaqGvbGaaeiuaiaabgeacaqGdb GaaGjbVlaab6gacaqGHbGaaeyBaiaabwgacaqG6aGaaGjbVlaabsda caqGTaGaaeyraiaabshacaqGObGaaeyEaiaabYgacaqGKbGaaeyzai aabogacaqGHbGaaeylaiaabgdacaqGSaGaaGjbVlaabwdacaqGSaGa aGjbVlaabIdacaqGTaGaaeiDaiaabkhacaqGPbGaaeyzaiaab6gaca qGLbaaaaa@A995@

Q.3 For the following compounds, write structural formulas and IUPAC names for all possible isomers having the number of double or triple bond as indicated:

  1. C4H8 (one double bond)
  2. C5H8 (one triple bond)

Ans.

(a) The following structural isomers are possible for C4H8 with one double bond:

H 2 C 1 = C 2 H– C 3 H 2 C 4 H 3 (I) C 1 H 3 C 2 H = C 3 H– C 4 H 3 (II) C 1 H 2 = C 2 | C 3 CH 3 H 3 (III) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGib WaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeym aaaakiaabccacaqG9aGaaeiiamaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabk daaaGccaqGibGaae4eGmaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabodaaaGc caqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOGaae4eGmaaxacabaGaae4qaa WcbeqaaiaabsdaaaGccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabodaaeqaaaGcbaGa aGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7ca aMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaa ysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaeikaiaabMeacaqGPaaaba WaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeymaaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGa ae4maaqabaGccaqGtaYaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeOmaaaaki aabIeacaqGGaGaaeypaiaabccadaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG ZaaaaOGaaeisaiaabobidaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG0aaaaO GaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaaaOqaaiaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjb VlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8 UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7 caaMe8UaaeikaiaabMeacaqGjbGaaeykaaqaamaaxacabaGaae4qaa WcbeqaaiaabgdaaaGccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOGaaeii aiaab2dadaWfqaqaamaaxababaWaaCbiaeaacaqGGaGaae4qaaWcbe qaaiaabkdaaaaabaGaaeiFaaqabaGccaqGtaYaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaa leqabaGaae4maaaaaeaajugGbiacasAGdbGaiaiPbIealmacas6gaa adbGaGKMqzGeGaiaiPbodaaWqajaiPaaWcbeaakiaabIeadaWgaaWc baGaae4maaqabaaakeaacaaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVl aaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8Ua aGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caqGOaGaaeysaiaabMeaca qGjbGaaeykaaaaaa@D24F@

The IUPAC name of

Compound (I) is But-1-ene,

Compound (II) is But-2-ene, and

Compound (III) is 2-Methylprop-1-ene.

(b) The following structural isomers are possible for C5C8 with one triple bond:

H C 1 C 2 C 3 H 2 C 4 H 3 C 5 H 3 (I) H 3 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 H 2 C 5 H 3 (II) H 5 C 4 C 3 | H– C 2 CH 3 C 1 H (III) MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGib WaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeymaaaakiabggMi6oaaxacabaGa ae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabkdaaaGccaqGtaYaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqaba Gaae4maaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaGccaqGtaYaaCbi aeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeinaaaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maa qabaGccaqGtaYaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeynaaaakiaabIea daWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaaakeaacaaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8 UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7 caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVl aaysW7caqGOaGaaeysaiaabMcaaeaacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaaboda aeqaaOWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeymaaaakiaaysW7caqGta IaaGjbVpaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabkdaaaGccqGHHjIUdaWf GaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGZaaaaOGaaGjbVlaabobidaWfGaqaai aaboeaaSqabeaacaqG0aaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaa kiaaysW7caqGtaIaaGjbVpaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabwdaaa GccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabodaaeqaaaGcbaGaaGjbVlaaysW7caaM e8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaays W7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjb VlaaysW7caqGOaGaaeysaiaabMeacaqGPaaabaGaaeisamaaBaaale aacaqG1aaabeaakmaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabsdaaaGccaaM e8Uaae4eGiaaysW7daWfqaqaamaaxababaWaaCbiaeaacaqGdbaale qabaGaae4maaaaaeaacaqG8baabeaakiaabIeacaqGtaYaaCbiaeaa caqGdbaaleqabaGaaeOmaaaaaeaajugGbiacasAGdbGaiaiPbIealm acas6gaaadbGaGKMqzGeGaiaiPbodaaWqajaiPaSGaaGjbVlaaysW7 caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7aeqaaOGaeyyyIO7aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaale qabaGaaeymaaaakiaabIeaaeaacaaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8Ua aGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7ca aMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7caqGOaGaaeysaiaa bMeacaqGjbGaaeykaaaaaa@EBCB@

The IUPAC name of

Compound (I) is Pent-1-yne,

Compound (II) is Pent-2-yne, and

Compound (III) is 3-Methylbut-1-ene.

Q.4 Write IUPAC names of the products obtained by the ozonolysis of the following compounds:

(i) Pent-2-ene (ii) 3,4-Dimethyl-hept-3-ene

(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene (iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene

Ans.

(i) Pent-2-ene undergoes ozonolysis as:

The IUPAC name of Product (I) is ethanal and Product (II)is propanal.

(ii) 3, 4-Dimethylhept-3-ene undergoes ozonolysis as:

The IUPAC name of Product (I)is butan-2-one and Product (II)is Pentan-2-one.

(iii) 2-Ethylbut-1-ene undergoes ozonolysis as:

The IUPAC name of Product (I)is pentan-3-one and Product (II)is methanal.

(iv) 1-Phenylbut-1-ene undergoes ozonolysis as:

The IUPAC name of Product (I)is benzaldehyde and Product (II)is propanal.

Q.5 An alkene ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives a mixture of ethanol and pentan-3-one. Write structure and IUPAC name of ‘A’.

Ans.

During ozonolysis, an ozonide having a cyclic structure is formed as an intermediate which undergoes cleavage to give the final products. Ethanal and pentan-3-one are obtained from the intermediate ozonide. Hence, the expected structure of the ozonide is:

This ozonide is formed as an addition of ozone to ‘A’. The desired structure of ‘A’ can be obtained by the removal of ozone from the ozonide. Hence, the structural formula of ‘A’ is:

H 3 C 1 C 2 = C 3 | C 4 H 2 CH 2 CH 3 C 5 H 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeisamaaBa aaleaacaqGZaaabeaakmaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabgdaaaGc caaMe8Uaae4eGiaaysW7daWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqGYaaaaO GaaeypamaaxababaWaaCbeaeaadaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaSqabeaacaqG ZaaaaaqaaiaabYhaaeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabobidaWfGaqaaiaaboeaaS qabeaacaqG0aaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaakiaaysW7 caqGtacaleaajugGbiacaYBGdbGaiaiVbIeadGaG8UbaaWqaiaiVju gibiacaYBGYaaameqcaYlajugGbiacaYlMe8UaiaiVbobicGaG8Ijb VlacaYBGdbGaiaiVbIeadGaG8UbaaWqaiaiVjugibiacaYBGZaaame qcaYlaaSqabaGccaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaGaaeynaaaa kiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaaaaa@6EAE@

The IUPAC name of ‘A’ is 3-Ethylpent-2-ene.

Q.6 An alkene ‘A’ contains three C – C, eight C – H a bonds and one C – C n bond. ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives two moles of an aldehyde of molar mass 44 u. Write IUPAC name of ‘A’.

Ans.

As per the given information, ‘A’ on ozonolysis gives two moles of an aldehyde of molar mass 44 u. The formation of two moles of an aldehyde indicates the presence of identical structural units on both sides of the double bond containing carbon atoms. Hence, the structure of ‘A’ can be represented as:

XC = CX

There are eight C-H a bonds. Hence, there are 8 hydrogen atoms in ‘A’. Also, there are three C-C bonds. Hence, there are four carbon atoms present in the structure of ‘A’. Combining the inferences, the structure of ‘A’ can be represented as:

‘A’ has 3 C-C bonds, 8 C-H a bonds, and one C-C n bond. Hence, the IUPAC name of ‘A’ is But-2-ene. Ozonolysis of ‘A’ takes place as:

The final product is ethanal with molecular mass

[(2×12)+(4×1)+(1×16)]

=44u

Q.7 Propanal and pentan-3-one are the ozonolysis products of an alkene? What is the structural formula of the alkene?

Ans.

As per the given information, propanal and pentan-3-one are the ozonolysis products of an alkene. Let the given alkene be ‘A’. Writing the reverse of the ozonolysis reaction, we get:

The products are obtained on the cleavage of ozonide ‘X’. Hence, ‘X’ contains both products in the cyclic form. The possible structure of ozonide can be represented as:

Now, ‘X’ is an addition product of alkene ‘A’ with ozone. Therefore, the possible structure of alkene ‘A’ is:

H 3 C – CH 2 – CH = C | C H 2 CH 2 CH 3 C H 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeisamaaBa aaleaacaqGZaaabeaakiaaboeacaqGGaGaae4eGiaabccacaqGdbGa aeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaakiaabccacaqGtaIaaeiiaiaabo eacaqGibGaaeiiaiaab2dadaWfqaqaamaaxababaWaaCbiaeaacaqG dbaaleqabaaaaaqaaiaabYhaaeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabobicaqGGaWaaC biaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaaaaOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabeaa kiaaysW7caqGtacaleaajugGbiacaYBGdbGaiaiVbIeadGaG8UbaaW qaiaiVjugibiacaYBGYaaameqcaYlajugGbiacaYlMe8UaiaiVbobi cGaG8IjbVlacaYBGdbGaiaiVbIeadGaG8UbaaWqaiaiVjugibiacaY BGZaaameqcaYlaaSqabaGccaaMe8+aaCbiaeaacaqGdbaaleqabaaa aOGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaaaaa@6F2F@

Q.8 Write chemical equations for combustion reaction of the following hydrocarbons:

(i) Butane (ii) Pentene (iii) Hexyne (iv) Toluene

Ans.

Combustion can be defined as a reaction of a compound with oxygen.

(i) 2C 4 H 10( g ) Butane + 13O 2( g ) 8CO 2( g ) + 10H 2 O ( g ) +Heat (ii) 2C 5 H 10( g ) Pentene + 15O g( g ) 10CO 2( g ) + 10H 2 O ( g ) + Heat (iii) 2C 6 H 10( g ) Hexyne + 17O 2( g ) 12CO 2( g ) + 10H 2 O ( g ) +Heat MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGceaqabeaacaqGOa GaaeyAaiaabMcacaaMe8+aaCbeaeaacaqGYaGaae4qamaaBaaaleaa caqG0aaabeaakiaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeymaiaabcdadaqadaqaai aabEgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaeqaaaqaaiaabkeacaqG1bGaaeiDaiaa bggacaqGUbGaaeyzaaqabaGccaaMe8Uaae4kaiaaysW7caqGXaGaae 4maiaab+eadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmamaabmaabaGaae4zaaGaayjkaiaa wMcaaaqabaGcdaGdKaWcbaaabeGccaGLsgcacaqG4aGaae4qaiaab+ eadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmamaabmaabaGaae4zaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaqa baGccaqGGaGaae4kaiaabccacaqGXaGaaeimaiaabIeadaWgaaWcba GaaeOmaaqabaGccaqGpbWaaSbaaSqaamaabmaabaGaae4zaaGaayjk aiaawMcaaaqabaGccaaMe8Uaae4kaiaaysW7caqGibGaaeyzaiaabg gacaqG0baabaGaaeikaiaabMgacaqGPbGaaeykaiaaysW7daWfqaqa aiaabkdacaqGdbWaaSbaaSqaaiaabwdaaeqaaOGaaeisamaaBaaale aacaqGXaGaaeimamaabmaabaGaae4zaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaqabaaa baGaaeiuaiaabwgacaqGUbGaaeiDaiaabwgacaqGUbGaaeyzaaqaba GccaqGGaGaae4kaiaabccacaqGXaGaaeynaiaab+eadaWgaaWcbaGa ae4zamaabmaabaGaae4zaaGaayjkaiaawMcaaaqabaGcdaGdKaWcba aabeGccaGLsgcacaqGXaGaaeimaiaaboeacaqGpbWaaSbaaSqaaiaa bkdadaqadaqaaiaabEgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabU cacaaMe8UaaeymaiaabcdacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOGa ae4tamaaBaaaleaadaqadaqaaiaabEgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaeqaaO GaaeiiaiaabUcacaqGGaGaaeisaiaabwgacaqGHbGaaeiDaaqaaiaa bIcacaqGPbGaaeyAaiaabMgacaqGPaGaaGjbVpaaxababaGaaeOmai aaboeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOnaaqabaGccaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabgda caqGWaWaaeWaaeaacaqGNbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaabeaaaeaacaqGib GaaeyzaiaabIhacaqG5bGaaeOBaiaabwgacaaMe8UaaGjbVlaaysW7 aeqaaOGaaGjbVlaabUcacaaMe8UaaeymaiaabEdacaqGpbWaaSbaaS qaaiaabkdadaqadaqaaiaabEgaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaaeqaaOWaa4aj aSqaaaqabOGaayPKHaGaaeymaiaabkdacaqGdbGaae4tamaaBaaale aacaqGYaWaaeWaaeaacaqGNbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaabeaakiaabcca caqGRaGaaeiiaiaabgdacaqGWaGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGYaaabe aakiaab+eadaWgaaWcbaWaaeWaaeaacaqGNbaacaGLOaGaayzkaaaa beaakiaabccacaqGRaGaaGjbVlaabIeacaqGLbGaaeyyaiaabshaaa aa@D0B3@

(iv)

Q.9 Draw the cis and trans structures of hex-2-ene. Which isomer will have higher b.p. and why?

Ans.

Hex-2-ene is represented as: Geometrical isomers of hex-2-ene are:

The dipole moment of cis-compound is a sum of the dipole moments of C-CH3 and C- CH2CH3 bonds acting in the same direction.

The dipole moment of trans-compound is the resultant of the dipole moments of C-CH3 and C-CH2CH3 bonds acting in opposite directions.

Hence, cis-isomer is more polar than trans-isomer. The higher the polarity, the greater is the intermolecular dipole-dipole interaction and the higher will be the boiling point. Hence, cis-isomer will have a higher boiling point than trans-isomer.

Q.10 Why is benzene extra ordinarily stable though it contains three double bonds?

Ans.

Benzene is a hybrid of resonating structures given as:

All six carbon atoms in benzene are sp1 hybridized. The two sp2 hybrid orbitals of each carbon atom overlap with the sp1 hybrid orbitals of adjacent carbon atoms to form six sigma bonds in the hexagonal plane. The remaining sp1 hybrid orbital on each carbon atom overlaps with the s-orbital of hydrogen to form six sigma C-H bonds. The remaining unhybridized p-orbital of carbon atoms has the possibility of forming three n bonds by the lateral overlap of C1-C2, C3-C4, C5-C6, or C2-C3, C4-C5, C6-C1

The six n’s are delocalized and can move freely about the six carbon nuclei. Even after the presence of three double bonds, these delocalized n-electrons stabilize benzene.

Q.11 What are the necessary conditions for any system to be aromatic?

Ans.

A compound is said to be aromatic if it satisfies the following three conditions:

  1. It should have a cyclic and planar structure.
  2. The n-electrons of the compound are completely delocalized in the ring.
  3. The total number of π-electrons present in the ring should be equal to (4n + 2), where n = 0, 1, 1 … etc. This is known as Huckel’s rule.

Q.12 Explain why the following systems are not aromatic?

Ans.

For a compound to be aromatic it should follow huckel’s rule i.e. (4n + 2), n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4…

When n=0, value is 2

n=1, value is 6, n=3, value is 10

As structure 1,2,3 have 4, 4 and 8 pi electrons which is different from 2, 6 and the strctures are not aromatic.

For the given compound, the number of n-electrons is 6.

By Huckel’s rule,

4n + 2 = 6

4n = 4

n = 1

For a compound to be aromatic, the value of n must be an integer (n = 0, 1, 2…). Since the value of n is an integer, the given compound is aromatic in nature.

For the given compound, the number of n-electrons is 4.

By Huckel’s rule,

4n + 2 = 4

4n = 1

n= 1 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaacbiqcLbyaca WFUbGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaigdaaeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@3A24@

For a compound to be aromatic, the value of n must be an integer (n = 0, 1, 1.), which is not true for the given compound. Hence, it is not aromatic in nature.

For the given compound, the number of n-electrons is 8.

By Huckel’s rule,

4n + 2 = 8

4n = 6

n= 3 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaacbiqcLbyaca WFUbGccqGH9aqpdaWcaaqaaiaaiodaaeaacaaIYaaaaaaa@3A26@

For a compound to be aromatic, the value of n must be an integer (n = 0, 1, 1.). Since the value of n is not an integer, the given compound is not aromatic in nature.

Q.13 How will you convert benzene into

(i) p-nitrobromobenzene (ii) m-nitrochlorobenzene

(iii) p -nitrotoluene (iv) acetophenone

Ans.

(i) Benzene can be converted into p-nitrobromobenzene as:

(ii) Benzene can be converted into m-nitrochlorobenzene as:

(iii) Benzene can be converted into p-nitrotoulene as:

(iv) Benzene can be converted into acetophenone as:

Q.14 In the alkane H3C-CH1-C(CH3)1-CH1-CH(CH3)1, identify 1°,1°,3° carbon atoms and give the number of H atoms bonded to each one of these.

Ans.

1° carbon atoms are those which are bonded to only one carbon atom i.e., they have only one carbon atom as their neighbour. The given structure has five 1° carbon atoms and fifteen hydrogen atoms attached to it.

2° carbon atoms are those which are bonded to two carbon atoms i.e., they have two carbon atoms as their neighbours. The given structure has two 2° carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms attached to it.

3° carbon atoms are those which are bonded to three carbon atoms i.e., they have three carbon atoms as their neighbours. The given structure has one 3° carbon atom and only one hydrogen atom is attached to it.

Q.15 What effect does branching of an alkane chain has on its boiling point?

Ans.

Alkanes experience inter-molecular Van der Waals forces. The stronger the force, the greater will be the boiling point of the alkane.

As branching increases, the surface area of the molecule decreases which results in a small area of contact. As a result, the Van der Waals force also decreases which can be overcome at a relatively lower temperature. Hence, the boiling point of an alkane chain decreases with an increase in branching.

Q.16 Addition of HBr to propene yields 1-bromopropane, while in the presence of benzoyl peroxide, the same reaction yields 1-bromopropane. Explain and give mechanism.

Ans.

Addition of HBr to propene is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction. Hydrogen bromide provides an electrophile, H+. This electrophile attacks the double bond to form 1° and 1° carbocations as shown:

Secondary carbocations are more stable than primary carbocations. Hence, the former predominates since it will form at a faster rate. Thus, in the next step, Br attacks the carbocation to form 1 – bromopropane as the major product.

This reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule where the negative part of the addendum is attached to the carbon atom having a lesser number of hydrogen atoms.

In the presence of benzoyl peroxide, an addition reaction takes place anti to Markovnikov’s rule. The reaction follows a free radical chain mechanism as:

Secondary free radicals are more stable than primary radicals. Hence, the former predominates since it forms at a faster rate. Thus, 1 – bromopropane is obtained as the major product.

In the presence of peroxide, Br free radical acts as an electrophile. Hence, two different products are obtained on addition of HBr to propene in the absence and presence of peroxide.

Q.17 Write down the products of ozonolysis of 1, 1-dimethylbenzene (o-xylene). How does the result support Kekule structure for benzene?

Ans.

o-xylene has two resonance structures:

All three products, i.e., methyl glyoxal, 1, 1-demethylglyoxal, and glyoxal are obtained from two Kekule structures. Since all three products cannot be obtained from any one o the two structures, this proves that o-xylene is a resonance hybrid of two Kekule structures (I and II).

Q.18 Arrange benzene, n-hexane and ethyne in decreasing order of acidic behaviour. Also give reason for this behaviour.

Ans.

Acidic character of a species is defined on the basis of ease with which it can lose its H- atoms.

The hybridization state of carbon in the given compound is:

As the s-character increases, the electronegativity of carbon increases and the electrons of C-H bond pair lie closer to the carbon atom. As a result, partial positive charge of H- atom increases and H+ ions are set free.

The s-character increases in the order:

sp3 < sp2 < sp

Hence, the decreasing order of acidic behaviour is Ethyne > Benzene > Hexane.

Q.19 Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution reactions easily and nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty?

Ans.

Benzene is a planar molecule having delocalized electrons above and below the plane of ring. Hence, it is electron-rich. As a result, it is highly attractive to electron deficient species i.e., electrophiles.

Therefore, it undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions very easily. Nucleophiles are electron-rich. Hence, they are repelled by benzene. Hence, benzene undergoes nucleophilic substitutions with difficulty.

Q.20 How would you convert the following compounds into benzene?

(i) Ethyne (ii) Ethene (iii) Hexane

Ans.

(i) Benzene from Ethyne:

(ii) Benzene from Ethene:

(iii) Hexane to Benzene

Q.21 Write structures of all the alkenes which on hydrogenation give 1-methylbutane.

Ans.

The basic skeleton of 1-methylbutane is shown below:

C 1 C | C 2 – C 3 – C 4 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaae4qamaaCa aaleqabaGaaeymaaaakiaabccacaqGtaIaaeiiaKqzagWaaCbeaOqa aKqzagWaaCbeaOqaaKqzagGaae4qaaWcbaqcLbyacGaG8giFaaWcbe aaaeaajugGbiacaYEGdbaaleqaaOWaaWbaaSqabeaacaqGYaaaaOGa aeiiaiaabobicaqGGaGaae4qamaaCaaaleqabaGaae4maaaakiaabc cacaqGtaIaaeiiaiaaboeadaahaaWcbeqaaiaabsdaaaaaaa@4C1B@

On the basis of this structure, various alkenes that will give 1-methylbutane on hydrogenation are:

(a) H 3 C – C | H CH 3 – CH = CH 2 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeikaiaabg gacaqGPaGaaGjbVlaabIeadaWgaaWcbaGaae4maaqabaGccaqGdbGa aeiiaiaabobicaqGGaWaaCbeaeaadaWfqaqaaiaaboeaaSqaaiacaY yG8baabeaakiaabIeaaSqaaKqzagGaiaiYboeacGaGihisaKqbaoac aI8gaaadbGaGiNqzGeGaiaiYbodaaWqajaiYaaWcbeaakiaabccaca qGtaIaaeiiaiaaboeacaqGibGaaeiiaiaab2dacaqGGaGaae4qaiaa bIeadaWgaaWcbaGaaeOmaaqabaaaaa@568B@ (b) CH 3 C | = CH 3 CH – CH 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeikaiaabk gacaqGPaGaaeiiaiaaboeacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabodaaeqaaOGa aeiiaiaabobidaWfGaqaamaaxacabaGaae4qaaWcbeqaaiaabYhaaa GccaqG9aaaleqabaqcLbyacaqGdbGaaeisaKqbaoaaBaaameaajugi biaabodaaWqabaaaaOGaae4qaiaabIeacaqGGaGaae4eGiaabccaca qGdbGaaeisamaaBaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaaaaa@4A10@ (c) CH 2 = C | CH 3 CH – CH 3 MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr 4rNCHbGeaGqiVC0dg9vqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pse9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeaacaGaaiaabaqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaeikaiaabo gacaqGPaGaaeiiaiaaboeacaqGibWaaSbaaSqaaiaabkdaaeqaaOGa aeiiaiaab2dacaqGGaWaaCbeaeaadaWfqaqaaiaaboeaaSqaaiacac BG8baabeaakiaabccacaqGtacaleaajugGbiacaYEGdbGaiai7bIea juaGdGaGSVbaaWqaiai7jugibiacaYEGZaaameqcaYoaaSqabaGcca qGGaGaae4qaiaabIeacaqGGaGaae4eGiaabccacaqGdbGaaeisamaa BaaaleaacaqGZaaabeaaaaa@55D4@

Q.22 Arrange the following set of compounds in order of their decreasing relative reactivity with an electrophile, E+

  1. Chlorobenzene, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene
  2. Toluene, p-H3C-C6H4-NO2, p-O2N-C6H4-NO2

Ans.

Electrophiles are reagents that participate in a reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to nucleophiles.

The higher the electron density on a benzene ring, the more reactive is the compound towards an electrophile, E+ (Electrophilic reaction).

(a) The presence of an electron withdrawing group (i.e., NO1-and Cl-) deactivates the aromatic ring by decreasing the electron density.

Since NO2-group is more electron withdrawing (due to resonance effect) than the Cl- group (due to inductive effect), the decreasing order of reactivity is as follows: Chlorobenzene > p – nitrochlorobenzene > 2, 4 – dinitrochlorobenzene

(b) While CH3– is an electron donating group, NO2– group is electron withdrawing. Hence, toluene will have the maximum electron density and is most easily attacked by E+.

NO2– is an electron withdrawing group. Hence, when the number of NO2– substituents is greater, the order is as follows:

Toluene > p-CH3-C6H4-NO2, p -O1 N-C6H4-NO2

Q.23 Out of benzene, m-dinitrobenzene and toluene which will undergo nitration most easily and why?

Ans.

The ease of nitration depends on the presence of electron density on the compound to form nitrates. Nitration reactions are examples of electrophilic substitution reactions where an electron-rich species is attacked by a nitronium ion (NO2-). Now, CH3– group is electron donating and NO2– is electron withdrawing. Therefore, toluene will have the maximum electron density among the three compounds followed by benzene. On the other hand, m- Dinitrobenzene will have the least electron density. Hence, it will undergo nitration with difficulty. Hence, the increasing order of nitration is as follows:

Q.24 Suggest the name of a Lewis acid other than anhydrous aluminium chloride which can be used during ethylation of benzene.

Ans.

The ethylation reaction of benzene involves the addition of an ethyl group on the benzene ring. Such a reaction is called a Friedel-Craft alkylation reaction. This reaction takes place in the presence of a Lewis acid.

Any Lewis acid like anhydrous FeCl3, SnCl4, BF3 etc. can be used during the ethylation of benzene.

Q.25 Why is Wurtz reaction not preferred for the preparation of alkanes containing odd number of carbon atoms? Illustrate your answer by taking one example.

Ans.

Wurtz reaction is limited for the synthesis of symmetrical alkanes (alkanes with an even number of carbon atoms) In the reaction, two similar alkyl halides are taken as reactants and an alkane, containing double the number of carbon atoms, are formed. Example:

Wurtz reaction cannot be used for the preparation of unsymmetrical alkanes because if two dissimilar alkyl halides are taken as the reactants, then a mixture of alkanes is obtained as the products. Since the reaction involves free radical species, a side reaction also occurs to produce an alkene. For example, the reaction of bromomethane and iodoethane gives a mixture of alkanes.

The boiling points of alkanes (obtained in the mixture) are very close. Hence, it becomes difficult to separate them.

Please register to view this section

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

1. Why are Hydrocarbons Important?

Petroleum and natural gas are the important components of Hydrogen. They are used as fuels and lubricants and also as raw materials for producing plastics, fibres, solvents, etc. The use of Hydrocarbons in different applications increases their importance.

2. An Alkene ‘A’ gives a mix of ethanal and pentan-3-one on ozonolysis. Write the structure and IUPAC name of ‘A’.

The IUPAC name of alkene will be 3-ethylpent-2-ene. It will give a mixture of ethanal and pentan-3-one on ozonolysis.

Apart from these, our focus is to provide all the study materials to students in the simplest of forms hence, we also have NCERT solutions class 1, solutions class 2, NCERT solutions class 3, NCERT solutions class 4, NCERT solutions class 5, NCERT solutions class 6, NCERT solutions class 7, NCERT solutions class 8, NCERT solutions class 9, NCERT solutions class 10, NCERT solutions class 11 and NCERT solutions class 12.