NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry

Class 12 Chemistry combines numerical-based Physical Chemistry, concept-heavy Inorganic Chemistry and reaction-based Organic Chemistry. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry help students practise textbook answers, formulas, equations, reactions and chapter-wise revision in one place.

Class 12 Chemistry requires different preparation methods for different chapters. In Solutions, Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics, students need accuracy in formulas, units, substitutions and numerical steps. In The d- and f-Block Elements and Coordination Compounds, the focus shifts to definitions, trends, exceptions, structures and reasoning-based answers. Organic Chemistry chapters need regular practice of reactions, reagents, products, conversions, IUPAC names and distinguishing tests.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry help students understand how to write textbook answers in the right sequence. These Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions cover both Chemistry Part 1 and Chemistry Part 2 in chapter-wise order, including Class 12 Chemistry textbook solutions, NCERT Class 12 Chemistry exercise solutions, solved answers, revision notes and important questions for all 10 chapters.

Key Takeaways

• Covers all 10 chapters from the Class 12 Chemistry NCERT textbook.
• Includes physical, inorganic and organic chemistry chapters.
• Helps with textbook exercise answers, numericals, reactions and formulas.
• Supports revision through chapter-wise concepts, solved answers and important points.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Structure 2026

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter-Wise

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1: Solutions

Chapter 1 Solutions introduces homogeneous mixtures, types of solutions, concentration terms, Henry’s law, Raoult’s law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, colligative properties and abnormal molar masses. Students should focus on formula-based questions because this chapter includes many numerical problems based on molarity, mole fraction, vapour pressure, osmotic pressure, elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point. The textbook begins by defining solutions as homogeneous mixtures of two or more components and then explains different solution types through examples such as gases in gases, solids in liquids and solids in solids.

Students should focus on:

• Types of solutions
• Concentration of solutions
• Henry’s law
• Raoult’s law
• Ideal and non-ideal solutions
• Colligative properties
• Abnormal molar mass
• Class 12 Chemistry Part 1 solutions

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2: Electrochemistry

Chapter 2 Electrochemistry is one of the most numerical chapters in Class 12 Chemistry. It explains how redox reactions are connected with electrical energy through galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, electrode potential, Nernst equation, conductance, molar conductivity, Kohlrausch law, electrolysis, batteries, fuel cells and corrosion. Students should focus on sign conventions, cell notation, unit conversion and correct use of formulas such as E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode and ΔᵣG° = −nFE°cell. The textbook defines electrochemistry as the study of electricity produced from spontaneous chemical reactions and the use of electrical energy for non-spontaneous chemical transformations.

Students should focus on:

• Electrochemical cell
• Galvanic cell
• Standard electrode potential
• Nernst equation
• Conductance of electrolytic solutions
• Kohlrausch law
• Faraday laws of electrolysis
• Batteries and fuel cells
• Corrosion

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics

Chapter 3 Chemical Kinetics explains the rate of chemical reactions and the factors that affect reaction speed. This chapter is important for numerical and graph-based questions because students work with average rate, instantaneous rate, rate law, order of reaction, molecularity, rate constant, integrated rate equations, half-life and activation energy. The textbook explains that thermodynamics predicts feasibility, while chemical kinetics explains the rate of a reaction.

Students should focus on:

• Rate of reaction
• Average and instantaneous rate
• Rate law and rate constant
• Order and molecularity
• Zero order reaction
• First order reaction
• Half-life period
• Arrhenius equation
• Collision theory

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 4: The d- and f-Block Elements

Chapter 4 The d- and f-Block Elements covers transition and inner transition elements. Students learn the position of these elements in the periodic table, electronic configurations, variable oxidation states, magnetic properties, coloured ions, catalytic behaviour and the chemistry of important compounds such as potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate. The textbook explains that d-block elements occupy groups 3 to 12 and that f-block elements are placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table.

Students should focus on:

• d-block elements
• f-block elements
• Transition elements
• Electronic configuration
• Oxidation states
• Colour and magnetic properties
• Potassium dichromate
• Potassium permanganate
• Lanthanoids and actinoids

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds

Chapter 5 Coordination Compounds introduces Werner’s theory, coordination entity, central atom, ligand, coordination number, oxidation number, nomenclature, isomerism, valence bond theory and crystal field theory. Students should pay attention to naming rules, formula writing, oxidation state calculation and geometry-based questions. The textbook explains that coordination compounds contain metal atoms or ions bonded to anions or neutral molecules by sharing of electrons, and it gives examples such as chlorophyll, haemoglobin and vitamin B₁₂.

Students should focus on:

• Werner’s theory
• Coordination entity
• Ligands
• Coordination number
• IUPAC naming of coordination compounds
• Isomerism
• Valence bond theory
• Crystal field theory
• Applications of coordination compounds

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 6: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Chapter 6 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes deals with halogen-containing organic compounds. Students study classification, nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical properties, nucleophilic substitution reactions, elimination reactions, stereochemistry and environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds. The textbook explains that haloalkanes contain halogen atoms attached to sp³ hybridised carbon atoms, while haloarenes contain halogen atoms attached to sp² hybridised carbon atoms of an aryl group.

Students should focus on:

• Haloalkanes
• Haloarenes
• IUPAC nomenclature
• Preparation reactions
• Nucleophilic substitution
• SN1 and SN2 reactions
• Elimination reactions
• Stereochemistry
• Environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Chapter 7 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers covers compounds containing hydroxyl and ether functional groups. Students learn classification, nomenclature, preparation methods, physical properties and chemical reactions of alcohols, phenols and ethers. The textbook explains that alcohols and phenols are formed when hydrogen in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon is replaced by an –OH group, while ethers contain an alkoxy or aryloxy group.

Students should focus on:

• Alcohols
• Phenols
• Ethers
• IUPAC nomenclature
• Preparation of alcohols
• Preparation of phenols
• Preparation of ethers
• Acidity of phenols
• Reactions of alcohols, phenols and ethers

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids focuses on carbonyl and carboxyl functional groups. This chapter is reaction-heavy and requires students to practise structures, naming, preparation methods, nucleophilic addition reactions, oxidation, reduction, acidity of carboxylic acids and conversions. The textbook explains that aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group, while carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group.

Students should focus on:

• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• Carbonyl group
• Carboxyl group
• IUPAC naming
• Preparation reactions
• Nucleophilic addition reactions
• Oxidation and reduction
• Acidity of carboxylic acids

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 9: Amines

Chapter 9 Amines explains organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. Students study structure, classification, nomenclature, preparation, physical properties, chemical reactions, distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary amines, and diazonium salts. The textbook states that amines occur in proteins, vitamins, alkaloids and hormones, and that diazonium salts are useful intermediates in preparing aromatic compounds including dyes.

Students should focus on:

• Amines
• Primary, secondary and tertiary amines
• IUPAC nomenclature
• Preparation of amines
• Basicity of amines
• Chemical reactions of amines
• Diazonium salts
• Azo dyes
• Distinguishing tests for amines

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10: Biomolecules

Chapter 10 Biomolecules connects chemistry with living systems. It covers carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA and hormones. Students should focus on classification, structures, functions and differences between major biomolecules. The textbook explains that living systems are made up of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, along with simple molecules like vitamins and mineral salts.

Students should focus on:

• Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
• Reducing and non-reducing sugars
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Vitamins
• Nucleic acids
• DNA and RNA

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry All Chapters

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry all chapters help students revise physical chemistry numericals, inorganic chemistry concepts and organic chemistry reactions in one place. These chapter-wise solutions are useful for board exam preparation because each chapter needs a different answer-writing approach.

Physical chemistry chapters such as Solutions, Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics require formula selection, units, substitutions and final answers with correct units.

Inorganic chemistry chapters such as The d- and f-Block Elements and Coordination Compounds require definitions, trends, reasoning, nomenclature and structure-based answers.

Organic chemistry chapters such as Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, Alcohols Phenols and Ethers, Aldehydes Ketones and Carboxylic Acids, Amines and Biomolecules require reaction writing, functional group identification, IUPAC names, conversions and mechanism-based reasoning.

Class 12 Chemistry Part 1 Solutions

Class 12 Chemistry Part 1 solutions include five chapters:

• Solutions
• Electrochemistry
• Chemical Kinetics
• The d- and f-Block Elements
• Coordination Compounds

These chapters include numerical questions, theory-based questions, periodic trends, electrochemical calculations, conductance problems and coordination compound naming.

Class 12 Chemistry Part 2 Solutions

Class 12 Chemistry Part 2 solutions include five chapters:

• Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
• Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
• Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
• Amines
• Biomolecules

These chapters focus mainly on organic chemistry reactions, functional groups, preparation methods, conversions, distinguishing tests and biomolecule classification.

Quick Revision Table for NCERT Solutions Class 12 Chemistry