Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Past 2 Chapter 10

Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10

History may be viewed as a great narrative filled with enduring characters and motivational tales of triumph over adversity. Every generation adds a new chapter to history while also editing and gaining new knowledge from earlier ones. Eighteenth-Century Political Formations is the tenth chapter of Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2. It might be claimed that the 18th century changed the course of Indian history. These were the days when the Mughals started to loosen their firm control over the country, which encouraged the development of autonomous kingdoms. The English reinforced their foothold in India throughout this century as well. This chapter allowed the students to examine every development in the 18th century. Chapter 10 Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Important Questions provides an overview of the political formations of the eighteenth century.

Extramarks professionals have developed Social Science Our Pasts 2 Class 7 Chapter 10 Important Questions using the NCERT Textbook, other reference books, past exam papers, and several other sources. History experts have compiled a list of step-by-step solutions to assist students in understanding each chapter. Students can register with Extramarks and access Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10 Important Questions.

In addition to Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10, students can easily access materials like NCERT Solutions, CBSE revision notes, past year question papers, NCERT books, and more on the Extramarks website.

Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10- with Solutions

The Social Science faculty of Extramarks has developed an entire list of Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10 using many different sources. One may argue that Indian history shifted in the 18th century. During these times, the Mughals began to relax their strict rule over the nation, which helped in the rise of independent kingdoms. Over this century, the English strengthened their position in India. In this chapter, students can study each change that happened in the 18th century. These questions and solutions help students better comprehend eighteenth-century political formations.

Mentioned below are a few Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10 and their solutions:

Question 1. What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position?

Answer 1. Nizam-ul-Mulk One of the most influential officials at the court of the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar was Asaf Jah, the founder of the kingdom of Hyderabad (1724–1748). He then amassed strength and assumed control of that region by taking advantage of the unrest in the Deccan and the rivalry among the royal nobility. Asaf Jah brought competent troops and administrators from northern India who appreciated the new chances in the south. He awarded jagirs and appointed mansabdars. Even though he was still the Mughal emperor’s servant, he used his authority without any interference or request for advice from Delhi.

Question 2. Explain the following terms:

  • Sardeshmukhi
  • The system of Rakhi

Answer 2. You can define sardeshmukhi as follows:

  • In the Deccan Plateau region, nine to ten per cent of the additional land revenue paid to the head of the revenue collectors was referred to as “sardeshmukhi.”
  • During Shivaji’s time as Maratha ruler, they implemented a new method of income collection.

The Rakhi system is as follows:

  • The Rakhi system was developed by the Sikhs in the seventeenth century and offered peasants protection or insurance against foreign assault in exchange for a levy equal to 20% of the harvest.
  • It resembled an insurance plan exactly.

Question 3. What were the positions held by Sa’adat Khan?

Answer 3. Sa’adat Khan held the positions of subadari, faujdari, and diwani.

Question 4. In Awadh, how did bankers and moneylenders rise to prominence? Explain.

Answer 4. In Awadh, moneylenders and bankers rose to powerful positions in the following ways:

  • The local bankers and “Mahajan” were the only sources of loans for the whole state of Awadh.
  • They sold the right to collect taxes to the best bidders, such as revenue farmers who agreed to provide the state with a set amount of money in exchange.
  • Local bankers had a role to play in this. They committed to paying the state this agreed-upon sum. In this way, the bankers acted as sureties for the revenue farmers and the state of Awadh.
  • It was agreed that the revenue-farmers were to be granted a great deal of autonomy in the tax assessment and collection in exchange.
  • Awadh saw the emergence of a new, powerful community of bankers and moneylenders because of this system.

Question 5. Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?

Answer 5. The Marathas wanted to spread outside the Deccan to lessen the Mughal dominance. The Maratha empire grew between 1720 and 1761. The Maratha ruler was recognised as the ruler of the whole Deccan peninsula by the 1730s after they had taken Malwa and Gujarat from the Mughals in the 1720s.

Question 6. What caused the Mughal Empire to fall so drastically?

Answer 6. The following factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal empire:

  • Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor, conducted a battle in the Deccan that cost him a lot of resources and drained his treasury.
  • The huge empire of Aurangzeb was too much for his successors to manage. The governors who were hired rose to political and economic prominence. As a result, it became challenging for them to monitor the governors. As the governors consolidated their power over the provinces, the systematic, recurring income remittance to the capital drastically decreased.
  • Revolt against excessive taxes significantly escalated under the rule of the final Mughal rulers.
  • Strong chieftains have often instigated rebellions to establish their domains.
  • Meanwhile, Nadir Shah conquered Delhi, pillaged the Mughals’ wealth, and weakened them.
  • Conflicts arose between the two noble families that used the previous Mughal kings as puppets. The last four Mughal emperors were either assassinated or rendered blind by them, which brought about their final demise.

Question 7. Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system?

Answer 7. The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal attempted to abolish the jagirdari system by limiting the number of officeholders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals to lessen Mughal influence in the provinces. Additionally, they decreased the size of jagirs and filled open posts with their own trusted employees. Officials chosen by the Nawab’s court reviewed the income of all districts and scrutinised the jagirdars’ accounts to avoid fraud. Murshid Quli Khan ordered a thorough reevaluation of Bengal’s income to lessen the Mughal power there. He also relocated all Mughal jagirdars to Orissa. With extreme rigour, all zamindars were required to pay in cash for all the revenue. Many zamindars were forced to borrow money from banks and moneylenders.

Question 8. List the three characteristics Bengal, Awadh, and Hyderabad have in common.

Answer 8. The following three characteristics tie the states mentioned above together:

  • These nations regarded the Mughals’ rule as the “jagirdari system” with contempt.
  • Based on a written contract, these three states relied on the “revenue farmers” for tax collection.
  • These three states had excellent connections with traders and bankers. They used to lend money to farmers who produced revenue, and they continued to collect taxes with the help of their agents.

Question 9. How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century? 

Answer 9. In Punjab, the development of a regional state was aided by the Sikhs’ organisation as a political group during the seventeenth century. Guru Gobind Singh engaged in several conflicts with the Rajput and Mughal emperors before and after the Khalsa was established in 1699. The Sikhs formed several bands called ‘jathas’ and subsequently ‘misls’ in the eighteenth century under the guidance of several capable leaders. The vast army was the name given to their united forces (dal Khalsa). The Khalsa were motivated by Guru Gobind Singh’s idea that they would one day reign over the land (raj Karega Khalsa). Because of their tight-knit organisation, they could initially successfully oppose the Mughal rulers and Ahmad Shah Abdali. He had taken control of Sirhind and Punjab, two wealthy Mughal provinces. From the Indus to the Jamuna, the Sikh domains stretched in the late eighteenth century, yet they were split between many kings. One of them, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, brought these tribes together and made Lahore his capital in 1799.

Question 10. Describe how the Maratha Empire evolved.

Answer 10. The Maratha empire’s growth may be summarised as follows:

  • The great Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire. In the Indian peninsula, he confronted the Mughals with the help of his formidable standing army. The Marathas hacked away at and destroyed the Mughals.
  • When he passed away, the Peshwas gained control. They allowed Marathas to grow militarily extremely strongly. They were able to attack cities by avoiding the Mughals’ defences.
  • The Marathas took Malwa and Gujarat from the Mughals in 1720.
  • The Marathas eventually acknowledged the Mughals’ dominance in the Deccan peninsula after engaging them in fierce combat and defeating them in several battles.
  • After 1737, the Maratha dominance quickly grew in Punjab, Bengal, Orissa, and Karnataka. Although these states were indirectly excluded from the Maratha empire, they were nonetheless required to provide a fair amount of taxes and tributes to acknowledge Marathas’ dominance.

The Marathas destroyed and gradually weakened the Mughals by ruthlessly expanding their kingdom from 1720 to 1761.

Question 11. What effects did Nadir Shah’s attack have in Delhi?

Answer 11. Iran’s Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739, plundered the city, and stole money. The following statements describe the effects of this attack:

  • The Mughals’ riches and valuables, including cash, gold coins, and jewellery, were destroyed.
  • Delhi became completely abandoned.
  • The affluent were reduced to begging.
  • Basic amenities like dwellings to live in and clothing to wear were lacking.

In brief, after Nadir Shah’s invasion, Delhi was engulfed in a wave of poverty.

Question 12. How were bankers and Awadh connected?

Answer 12. The following links existed between the bankers and the state of Awadh:

  • The local bankers and “Mahajan” were the only sources of loans for the whole state of Awadh.
  • The state sold the right to collect taxes to the best bidders, such as revenue farmers who agreed to provide the state with a set amount of money in exchange.
  • Local bankers had a role in this. They committed to paying the state this agreed-upon sum. It was agreed that the revenue-farmers would be granted a great deal of autonomy in the tax assessment and collection in exchange.

Awadh saw the emergence of a new community of bankers and moneylenders because of this arrangement. And the state as a whole began connecting with them.

Question 13. What did Burhan-ul-Mulk do that made the Mughal dominance in the Awadh area disappear?

Answer 13. To eliminate Mughal power in the Awadh area, Burhan-ul-Mulk conducted the following actions:

  • He reduced the number of officeholders (jagirdars) that the Mughal emperors hired.
  • He replaced several of the jagirs fired with his devoted employees.
  • To prevent fraud, Burhan-ul-Mulk carefully examined the finances of the jagirdars. Furthermore, the officials hired by the Nawab’s court revised the earnings of every district.

Question 14. Describe Shivaji’s administration’s policy on religion.

Answer 14. Although Shivaji was a devout Hindu, he regarded Islam and the Quran highly and hired a sizable number of Muslims in his army. He also gave funding for mosque buildings. His approach to religion was therefore secure.

Shivaji was a courageous and wise fighter. His kingdom was split into two halves:

  • The territory was known as Swarajya, which was ruled directly.
  • The regions are known as Mughlai, which bordered Mughal territory.

The two forms of taxes collected by the Shivaji empire were Chauth and sardeshmukhi. The empire’s provinces were divided into Parganas, each of which had several villages. Patel was a title for village chiefs. As a result, Shivaji’s administrative structure worked effectively regarding tax collection and kingdom-wide control.

In the section given above of Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10, all the essential topics of the chapter are covered.

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Mentioned below are some benefits of solving Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10:

  • Students can entirely rely upon these crucial questions as they are made following all the guidelines laid by CBSE.
  • Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10 covers the concepts of the entire chapter- Eighteenth-Century Political Formations.
  • These important questions are prepared by following the exam writing pattern. Going through them will help students prepare for exams too.

Q.1 Who was Maharaja Ranjit Singh?

Ans

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire and was also known as Sher-e-Punjab. In the late eighteenth century, the Sikh territories were extended from the Indus to the Jamuna but they were divided under different rulers. Maharaja Ranjit Singh reunited all groups and established his capital at Lahore in 1799.

Q.2 Who were kunbis?

Ans

Kunbis were groups of highly mobile, peasant pastoralists. They were the backbone of the Maratha army.

Q.3 Who was the founder of Hyderabad?

Ans

Nizam–Ul-Mulk Asaf Jah was the founder of Hyderabad. He was one of the powerful members at the court of Farukshiyar.

Q.4 What were three prominent states that emerged after the decline of the Mughal empire?

Ans

The three prominent states were Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. All the three states were founded by members of the high Mughal nobility who were governors in the Mughal empire – Sa‘adat Khan (Awadh), Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal) and Asaf Jah (Hyderabad). All three occupied high mansabdari positions.

Q.5 What were the reasons for the decline of Mughal Empire?

Ans

The Mughal Empire owes its decline and ultimate downfall to combination of factors:

1. The successive rulers after Aurangzeb were weak, unworthy and lacked the character, motivation and commitment to rule the empire strongly.

2. Absence of a definite law of succession was another important factor.

3. Deterioration and demoralization of the army was one of the potent reasons.

4. The financial position of the Mughals had become deplorable.

5. The raids by Nadir Shah, and repeated invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali resulted in further weakening of the empire.

6. The already weakened empire faced further encroachment by the British and the French. The British and the French, who had initially come as traders, took full advantage of the weakening empire and soon became masters of the whole of India.

Q.6 What were the three groups in the states of eighteenth century?

Ans

The states of the eighteenth century can be divided into three overlapping groups:
1. States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. Although extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor.
2. States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These included several Rajput principalities.
3.The last group included states under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats.

Q.7 Name the states with which the state of Hyderabad was in struggle?

Ans

The state of Hyderabad was constantly in struggle against the Marathas in the west and with independent Telugu warrior chief known as Nayakas of the Deccan plateau.

Q.8 Who was the founder of Awadh after the decline of the Mughal Empire?

Ans

Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed Subedar of Awadh in 1722 and he founded an independent state of Awadh.

Q.9 Who was the founder of the state of Bengal?

Ans

Murshid Quli Khan was the founder of the state of Bengal.

Q.10 Name three common features of the states in the eighteenth century.

Ans

1. Though many of the larger states were established by erstwhile Mughal nobles, they were highly suspicious of some of the administrative systems that they had inherited, in particular the jagirdari system.
2. Secondly, they reduced the number of jagirdars appointed by the Mughals. Rather than relying upon them, all the states contracted with revenue-farmers for the collection of revenue.
3. The third common feature in all these regional states was their emerging relationship with rich bankers and merchants.

Q.11 When did Khalsa declare its sovereign rule and mint its own coin?

Ans

Khalsa declared its sovereign rule and minted its own coin in 1765. The legend on the obverse bore the same inscription ‘Deg o Tegh o Fateh’ issued by Banda Bahadur on his coins.

Q.12 When was Banda Bahadur executed?

Ans

Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716 on the orders of the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar.

Q.13 Who ruled the Maratha kingdom after the death of Shivaji?

Ans

After the death of Shivaji, the Maratha kingdom was ruled by a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas. They served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa or principal minister and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha Empire of central India from 1749 to 1818. During their rein, the Maratha Empire reached its zenith ruling most of the Indian Subcontinent.

Q.14 Under whose rule did Poona become the capital of the Maratha kingdom?

Ans

Under the rule of Peshwa, Poona became the capital of Maratha kingdom.

Q.15 Who was the famous leader of the Jats?

Ans

Churaman was the famous leader of the Jats.

Q.16 What were jathas?

Ans

Jatha in the Sikh tradition signifies a group of volunteers coming forth to carry out a specific task, be it an armed combat or a peaceful agitation. After the capture and execution of Banda Singh Bahadur, the Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands called jathas, to fight against the oppressors Each jatha was grouped around a jathedar or a leader. These jathas were finally reorganized on the Baisakhi of 1748 into 11 misls. The entire fighting force of the Sikhs was named Dal Khalsa.

Q.17 What was the gurmatas?

Ans

Gurmatas is the counsel or resolution adopted by the combined forces of the Sikhs known as dal Khalsa, at an assembly at Amritsar to take collective decisions known as “resolutions of the Guru” in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib. A gurmata may only be passed on a subject that affects the fundamental principles of Sikh religion and is binding upon all Sikhs.

Q.18 What was the system of rakhi?

Ans

The word rakhi literally means ‘protection’. In practice, it was a tribute received by the combined forces of the Sikhs dal Khalsa for the protection provided or guaranteed by them against external aggression to the cultivators paying it. The cultivators had to pay a tax of 20 percent of the produce to the Sikhs of dal Khalsa for their protection.

Q.19 How did Guru Gobind inspire the Khalsa?

Ans

Guru Gobind Singh inspired the Khalsa with the belief that their destiny was to rule (raj karega khalsa).

Q.20 With whose support did the Marathas face the Mughals?

Ans

The Maratha kingdom was another powerful regional kingdom to arise out of a sustained opposition to Mughal rule. They faced the threat of the Mughals. To overcome them, they took the help of powerful warrior families known as deshmukhs. The kunbis or peasant pastoralists rallied round Shivaji in large number to raise their status in social hierarchy and formed the backbone of the Maratha army. Shivaji used this army to challenge the Mughals in the peninsula.

Q.21 What were the developments of Maratha kingdom under the Peshwa?

Ans

Under the Peshwas, the Maratha kingdom developed as a very successful military organisation. They built strong forts to face the Mughals. Between 1720 and 1761, the Maratha Empire expanded. It gradually occupied the parts of the Mughal Empire. Malwa and Gujarat were seized from the Mughals by the 1720s. By the 1730s, the Maratha kingdom was enjoying complete domination in the entire Deccan peninsula.

Q.22 Which banking house became popular during the reign of Alivardi Khan?

Ans

During the reign of Alivardi Khan in Bengal, the banking house of Jagat Seth became popular.

Q.23 What steps did Murshid Quli Khan take to reduce Mughal influence in Bengal?

Ans

The steps taken by Murshid Quli Khan to reduce the Mughal influence in Bengal were as follows:

1. Transferred all Mughal jagirdars to Odisha

2. Ordered a major reassessment of the revenues of Bengal

Q.24 List one factor that led to crisis in the Mughal Empire in the closing years of seventeenth century.

Ans

Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan. It led to crisis in the Mughal Empire in the closing years of 17th century.

Q.25 This is a picture of Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan. Answer the following questions –


1. Who was Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan?
2. Which offices did he hold under the Mughals?
3. How did he try to decrease the Mughal influence in the Awadh region? [1+1+2=4]

Ans

1. Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa‘adat Khan was appointed as the subadar of Awadh in 1722. Later, he carved out an independent state of Awadh from the Mughal empire.
2. He held combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari.
3. Burhan-ul-Mulk tried to decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh region by taking the following steps:

  1. He reduced the number of jagirdars appointed by the Mughals.
  2. He also reduced the size of jagirs and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions.
  3. To prevent cheating, he checked the accounts of jagirdars.
  4. Special officers were appointed by the Nawab to reassess the revenues of all the districts.

Q.26 This is a picture of Guru Gobind Singh. Answer the following questions related to this picture:


1. Who was Guru Gobind Singh?
2. Against whom did Guru Gobind Singh fight most of the battles?
3. How did he inspire the Khalsa?
4. Who succeeded Guru Gobind Singh?

Ans

1. Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
2. Guru Gobind Singh fought several battles against the Rajput and Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699.
3. Guru Gobind Singh had inspired the Khalsa with the faith that their destiny was to rule (raj karega khalsa).
4. He was succeeded by Banda Bahadur, one of his followers.

Q.27 This is a 1779 portrait of Nadir Shah. Answer the following questions:


1. Who was Nadir Shah?
2. What was the impact of Nadir Shah’s invasion on Delhi?
3. Which ‘two jewels’ did Nadir Shah steal from the Mughal treasury? [1+2+1]

Ans

1. Nadir Shah was the ruler of Iran, who sacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739.
2. Nadir shah’s invasion had a deep impact on Delhi.

  1. Nadir Shah took away immense amount of wealth. The city of Delhi was ruined.
  2. Those who had been the masters were now in terrible condition.
  3. The invasion by Nadir Shah had demonstrated how weak the Mughal government was.
  4. This invasion was followed by a series of plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali.

3. Nadir shah stole the ‘Peacock throne’ and ‘Koh-i-noor’ from the Mughal treasury.

Q.28 Which states were carved out of the old Mughal provinces in the eighteenth century?

Ans

Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad were carved out of the old Mughal provinces in the eighteenth century.

Q.29 Which two taxes were imposed by Shivaji in the Deccan region?

Ans

Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were the two taxes levied in the entire region ruled by Shivaji.

Q.30 Why did the peasants and zamindars revolt in many parts of northern and western India during the rule of later Mughals?

Ans
The following major reasons were responsible for the revolts:

1. Pressures of mounting taxes.

2. Attempts by powerful chieftains to consolidate their own positions.

Q.31 Who were ijaradars?

Ans

Ijaradars were the revenue farmers under the later Mughals.

Q.32 What was ‘chauth’?

Ans

Chauth was 25 percent of the land revenue claimed by Marathas from the territories of neighbouring kingdoms as a protection tax.

Q.33 Under whose leadership did the Khalsa raise a revolt against the Mughal authority?

Ans

The Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal authority under Banda Bahadur’s leadership.

Q.34 What was the crisis in the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb?

Ans

After the death of Aurangzeb, it became increasingly difficult for the later Mughal emperors to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars. Nobles appointed as governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) as well. This gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal Empire. As the governors consolidated their control over the provinces, the periodic remission of revenue to the capital declined. These mansabdars were now able to seize the economic resources of the region to consolidate their positions. The Mughal emperors after Aurangzeb were unable to arrest the gradual shifting of political and economic authority into the hands of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups.

Q.35 What were the different overlapping group of states that emerged in the 18th Century after the decline of the Mughal Empire?

Ans

Through the eighteenth century, the Mughal Empire gradually fragmented into a number of independent, regional states. Broadly speaking the states of the eighteenth century can be divided into three overlapping groups:

(1) States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad. Although extremely powerful and quite independent, the rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor.

(2) States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs. These included several Rajput principalities.

(3) The last group included states under the control of Marathas, Sikhs and others like the Jats. These were of differing sizes and had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long-drawn armed struggle.

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FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

The political structures of the eighteenth century are discussed in Chapter 10 of Class 7 History. By consulting the Extramarks Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10, students may easily understand the important concepts. It includes elaborately written answers to textbook questions that emphasise the main themes. Additionally, all the answers have been prepared by subject specialists using the most recent CBSE syllabus and guidelines.

Eighteenth-Century Political Formations is the chapter’s central theme. The chapter’s topic implies that it will assist you in comprehending the different political changes the country underwent over time and their effects. During this time, several independent kingdoms came into existence, foreign forces entered the subcontinent, and Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the area. Additionally, the chapter provides a brief overview of the French Revolution. Refer to Extramarks Important Questions Class 7 Social Science Our Pasts 2 Chapter 10 to gain a deeper understanding of the chapter.