CBSE Class 10 History Chapter 1 Notes – The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 Notes History Chapter 1
Frederic Sorrieu
Frédéric Sorrieu was a French artist. In 1848, he prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics.
- The first print represents the people of Europe and America marching in a long train, offering homage to the Statue of Liberty as they pass through it. A female figure was holding the torch of Enlightenment in one hand and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
- The shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions were lying on the earth in the foreground.
- Sorrieu had a utopian vision of a world where people were grouped as distinct nations, identified through their national flags and costumes.
- The United States and Switzerland led the procession, followed by France and Germany. The people of Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia, came after the Germans.
- Christ, angels, and saints are looking down on the scene from the heavens above. They serve as a symbol of fraternity among the nations of the world.
During the 19th century, nationalism evolved as a force which drastically changed Europe’s political and mental world. The nation-state ultimately emerged as a result of these changes.
French Revolution
In 1789, nationalism emerged with the French Revolution and the political and constitutional reforms resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. Many policies and procedures were implemented, including the concepts of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen). The tricolour was chosen as the new French flag.
Napoleonic Code
Napoleon ruled France starting from 1799 to 1815. He gained absolute control and power in the year 1799 by becoming the First Consul. The features of the Napoleonic Code or Civil Code 1804 are as follows:
- Establishment of equality before the law.
- Under the Napoleonic Code, the right to property was secured.
- All birth rights and privileges were abolished.
- Guild restrictions were lifted.
Moreover, Napoleon actually took away the freedom of people by forcing them to join the French army. Also, he imposed censorship, increased taxes, and took away political freedom.
New Middle Class
The new classifications were done based on the work, culture, and group of people. As a result, three new classes were formed:
- The Aristocracy: It included people who owned lands, spoke French and were connected by ties of marriage. They were, however, numerically a small group.
- Peasantry: The majority of the population was made up of this class.
- Middle Class: Since industrialisation, a new class came into being known as the working class. It included artisans, industrialists, businessmen and so on.
Liberalism
- In 1848, a revolution was led by educated middle-class people. Men and women of the liberal middle class demanded the creation of a national state on parliamentary principles and the Constitution, which allows freedom of the press and freedom of association.
- Many political associations came together in Frankfurt and decided to cast their vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18th May 1848, 831 elected representatives arrived in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
- They drafted a constitution for the German nation to be ruled by a monarchy governed by a parliament. The Crown was offered to Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, but he rejected it and joined other monarchs to stand against the elected assembly. The middle classes dominated the Parliament, and a large number of women participated in the liberal movement.
- Women formed their own political associations. Moreover, they founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations, but they were still denied suffrage rights during the election of the assembly.
- As a result, in the years after 1848, the autocratic kings of Central and Eastern Europe started enacting the changes that had previously been made in Western Europe prior to 1815. Thus, serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in both Russia and the Habsburg dominions.
A New Conservatism After 1815
- In 1815, conservatism was the driving force behind the policies of European governments. Conservatives supported the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the preservation of the family.
- It was believed that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and the abolition and elimination of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
- Furthermore, in 1815, the representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, met in Vienna to draft a settlement for Europe.
- The Bourbon dynasty was reinstated, and France lost countries it had gained under Napoleon.
- The freedom of the press was one of the major issues taken up by the liberal nationalists, who criticised the new conservative order.
The Revolutionaries
- Many secret societies were established in European states in 1815 to educate revolutionaries and spread their ideology. The revolutionaries opposed monarchical forms and fought for liberty and freedom.
- Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807, formed two more secret societies. The first was Young Italy in Marseilles, and the second was Young Europe in Berne, which included like-minded young men from Germany, Poland, France, and Italy.
The Age of Revolution: 1830-1848
Liberal revolutionaries overthrew the Bourbon Kings in July 1830 and replaced them with a constitutional monarchy commanded by Louis Philippe. The July Revolution triggered a revolt in Brussels, which resulted in Belgium breaking away from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Greeks fought for their independence in 1821.
Making of Germany
Nationalism in Europe began to disassociate itself from democracy and revolution after 1848. Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for national unification. Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this revolutionary process and carried it out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
In January 1871, the King of Prussia, William I, was crowned German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. The nation-building process demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. Modernising Germany’s financial, legal, and judicial systems were a top priority for the new state.
Making of Italy
Italy was divided into seven states in the middle of the 19th century. Out of all the seven states, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. All the regions were dominated and ruled by different kings. In 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society referred to as Young Italy.
The movement was led by Chief Minister Cavour. In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated the Austrian forces. In 1860, they marched into South Italy, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and ultimately succeeded in winning the support and help of the local peasants. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was declared the king of united Italy.
Britain
Great Britain represented the nation. Prior to the 18th century, there was no British nation. The nation became powerful as it slowly and gradually grew in wealth, importance and power.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation and introduction of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain.’ It meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. In 1801, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom. The symbols of the new Britain, such as the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), and the English language, were actively promoted.
Nationalism and Imperialism
By the last quarter of the 19th century, nationalism had lost its idealistic liberal democratic sentiment. After 1871, the Balkan region was the main cause of nationalist tension in Europe. The Slavs was the collective name for people who lived in the geographically diverse and ethnically diverse region of the Balkans, which included modern-day Romania, Macedonia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Slovenia.
The Balkans became a very volatile region due to the growth of romantic nationalism and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire attempted to strengthen itself throughout the 19th century by modernisation and internal reforms but received very little success.
During this period, the European nations engaged in fierce competition over trade, colonies, and naval and military strength. 1914 saw the devastation of Europe brought on by nationalism and imperialism. Anti-imperial movements came into effect, but they struggled to form independent national states. However, the idea of ‘national states’ was accepted, and everyone agreed on the concept.
Important Questions and Answers
- What was the aim of the French Revolution?
The main objective of the French Revolution was to build a collective identity for the French people. Moreover, ideas like Le Citoyen and La Patrie promoted the belief in a united community that enjoys equal rights.
- Who was the “Hero of two worlds” and what was his role in the unification of Italy?
Giuseppe Garibaldi was the ‘Hero of two worlds.’ According to his belief, Italy wouldn’t have survived as a smaller state, and it needed to be unified. He formed two societies named Young Italy and Young Europe.
- Name some of the features of conservative regimes.
Some of the features of conservative regimes are:
- Intolerant to criticism and dissent
- Autocratic
- Censored press
- Suppressed questions that challenged their legitimacy
- Write about a female allegory in the 19th century.
Marianne- She was given the Christian name Marianne in France, which helped to promote the idea of a people’s nation. Republic and liberty served as inspiration for a significant characteristic. Marianne statues quickly become unifying symbols.
- Explain the importance of national feeling and imagination.
The development of national sentiments depended on culture. Arts, poetry, music, and stories sparked nationalist sentiment. Glorification of science was questioned, and it was replaced by intuitions, sentiments and emotions. This romanticism aimed to create national sentiments. Language also played a crucial role in developing national feelings.
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Europe fought against conservatism, monarchs and nobles to gain independence. The making of Italy and Germany in the 19th century by Giuseppe Mazzini started a revolution against the monarchs.
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
Nationalism came into effect with the French Revolution in 1789. The political and constitutional transformations led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. Various measures and practices were introduced and launched, such as the ideas of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le Citoyen (the citizen). A new French flag, the tricolour, was selected to replace the former royal standard. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France and imposed a monarchy. In 1804, Napoleon abolished privileges based on birth and introduced the Napoleonic Code, a codified system.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
Germany, Italy and Switzerland were further divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories, rights and powers. Moreover, the emergence of the new middle class took place in this era.
The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
- The Aristocracy: The members of this class were united by a common way of life. They owned land in the country, spoke French, and their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
- Peasantry: Peasants made up the vast majority of the population.
- Middle class: A new class developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the establishment of industries in urban areas. They began to rule urban areas, earning the title of the middle class.
What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin word liber, meaning free. The right to vote and get elected was granted exclusively to people who owned property. Men and women without property were not allowed to vote and were not given any political rights.
A customs union was formed at the initiative of Prussia in 1834, which was joined by most of the German states. The union eliminated tariff barriers and decreased the number of currencies from over thirty to two.
A New Conservatism after 1815
The Revolutionaries
The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
- Culture played a crucial role in creating the idea of a nation, such as art and poetry, stories and music, which helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
- Romanticism was a cultural movement which was brought into the limelight to develop and shape a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Moreover, language also played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
- After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was banned from schools and replaced with Russian. An armed rebellion against Russian rule occurred in 1831 but was ultimately put down.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
Europe went through great economic hardship in 1830. The first half of the 19th century witnessed an immense increase in population all over Europe. Widespread pauperism was caused by either an increase in food prices or a poor harvest year. In 1848, food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.
The Revolution of the Liberals
While the poor workers and starving peasants revolted for their rights, a new revolt of the educated middle class was underway. The liberal middle class took advantage of the situation and pushed their demands for the creation of a nation-state along with the freedom of the press and freedom of association. 831 elected representatives marched in a procession on 18th May 1848 to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
The Making of Germany and Italy
Germany- Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister, was the architect of the revolutionary process of unifying Germany and Italy. He carried out the process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
In a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871, William I, the King of Prussia, was crowned German Emperor. The nation-building process demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany were modernised.
Italy Unified
In the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini began a program for the unification of the Italian Republic. He also created a secret society named “Young Italy.” Due to the failure of the revolutionary movements in 1831 and 1848, Sardinia-Piedmont and its monarch King Victor Emmanuel II were given the responsibility of bringing the Italian nations together through war. The ruling class in this area saw a united Italy as a chance for them to achieve political and economic domination.
The Strange Case of Britain
The formation of Great Britain was not the result of any revolution. There was no British nation prior to the 18th century. The primary identities of the people who lived in the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. Each of these ethnic groups has its own political and cultural traditions. However, as the English nation rapidly increased in wealth, significance, and strength, it was able to exert more influence on the other nations of the islands. The means by which a nation-state with England at its core came to be formed was the English parliament, which had seized authority from the monarch in 1688 following a protracted conflict.
Visualising the Nation
In the 18th and 19th centuries, artists found a way out by personifying a nation. They portrayed a country as if it were an individual. Nations were depicted as female characters. The female form used to personify the nation aimed to give the nation’s abstract idea a concrete form. In other words, the female character evolved into a national allegory.
Nationalism and Imperialism