CBSE Class 11 Economics Indian Economic Development Revision Notes Chapter 10

CBSE Class 11 Indian Economic Development Revision Notes Chapter 10 – Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours

Class 11 Indian Economic Development Chapter 10 Notes have been curated by subject matter experts who write the notes in a step-by-step manner so that the students can get the maximum benefit out of it. In addition, they follow the recent CBSE syllabus. Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours is one of the most important chapters in Indian Economic Development. Thus, understanding it well is necessary for scoring good marks in exams. 

Experience of India with Its Neighbours Notes 

Development Path of India, Pakistan and China 

• China, Pakistan, and India all started their development processes simultaneously. The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949 in China, whereas India and Pakistan attained independence in 1947.
• Similar planning went into their development strategies. 1951 saw the release of India’s First Five-Year Plan, followed by China in 1953 and Pakistan in 1956.
• Both India and Pakistan pursued similar strategies. These strategies included establishing a large public sector and increasing government spending on social development.
• While China followed the ‘command economy’ model, India and Pakistan followed the ‘mixed economy’ model of economic growth.
• Before the 1980s, all these three countries had comparable per capita incomes and growth rates.
• While China implemented economic reforms in 1978, Pakistan implemented it in 1988, and India in 1991. 

Development Strategies of India

1. A Sound Trade System: Earlier, the Indian economy was closed. Because of this historical context, India faced many critical challenges in developing a new policy to support the new trade system. However, after the new trade reform was implemented in the Indian economy, it accelerated India’s economic growth.
2. Poverty Reduction: The Indian government has put in place several programmes to reduce poverty. This helped many areas of the country by boosting per capita income, enhancing nutrition, and eradicating poverty.
3. Rural Development: For rural development, India implemented several measures to develop areas that were lagging in the overall development of the village economy.
4. Employment Generation: Several economic reforms were initiated to generate more employment in the country, and to provide opportunities for gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment. 

Development Strategies of China 

1. Giant Leap Forward: Launched in 1958, the main goal was to massively industrialise the country. People were encouraged to establish large-scale industries on their part of the land. 
2. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976): Mao Se Tung launched a large-scale cultural revolution in 1965. During this revolution, many students and professionals were sent to the countryside to work and learn.
3. 1978 Reforms: At the beginning of 1978, China began implementing many reforms in stages. These reforms were implemented in the foreign trade, agricultural and investment sectors. The goal of such Chinese economic reforms was the generation of enough surplus to finance the modernisation of the Chinese economy.

Development Strategies of Pakistan 

1. Mixed Economy: The public and private sectors coexisted in Pakistan’s mixed economy.
2. Import Substitution: In Pakistan, a legal framework for import industrialization was constructed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This policy coupled direct import limits on rival imports with tariff protection for producers of consumer goods.
3. Green Revolution: The agricultural system was significantly impacted by the Green Revolution. It was put into place to boost productivity, food self-sufficiency, and grain production.

Economic Development Strategy after Independence 

• There were business activities designated for the public and private sectors. The public sector was given charge of the following activities: coal, steel, mining, roads, and power. With this, the private sector got the ability to penetrate the markets that were government and regulated by law.
• The government gave the public sector a strong push. In the public sector, investments climbed from Rs. 81.1 crores in the First Five-Year Plan (1951–1956) to Rs. 34,206 crores in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the most money was invested (1992-97).
• To combat poverty, unemployment, and other social evils, the public sector was given priority.
• The Indian economy was industrialised with the aid of the public sector. Additionally, it helped the economy achieve a high degree of self-sufficiency.

Comparative Study – India, Pakistan and China: 

1. Pakistan has a reasonably small population—roughly one-tenth the size of China and India.
2. China has the lowest population density despite being the largest nation geographically.
3. Pakistan had the largest population growth, followed by China and India. The main reason for China’s slow population growth is the one-child policy, which was put in place in the country in the late 1970s. The number of females per 1000 males, or the sex ratio, did, however, decline due to this approach.
4. In all three nations, the sex ratio is unfavourable for women. In other words, sons are strongly preferred.
5. While China has a low fertility rate, Pakistan has a very high one.
6. While India only had 28 percent of its population living in cities, Pakistan and China both had higher levels of urbanisation.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Sectors 

1. While China had the world’s second-largest GDP (PPP) of 10.1 trillion in 2013, India’s GDP (PPP) was 1.86 trillion, and Pakistan’s GDP (PPP) was 0.47 trillion.
2. On this development path, China’s average growth rate was approximately 9.5 percent. On the other hand, India’s and Pakistan’s average growth rates were roughly 5.8 percent and 4.1 percent, respectively.
3. In China, agriculture employed 37 percent of the workforce in 2011 and contributed 9 percent to GDP appropriately. In India and Pakistan, the agricultural sector accounted approximately for 19% and 21% of GDP, respectively. While approximately 56% of people worked in agriculture in India, in Pakistan, approximately 45% worked in agriculture.
4. The service sector made up the majority of the GDP in Pakistan and India, whereas manufacturing only made up 47% of the GDP in China.
5. India and Pakistan transitioned from the agricultural to the service sector without going through the usual manufacturing and services phase of development as China did.
6. In India, China, and Pakistan, the service sector employed 17, 12, and 27% of the labour force in the 1980s. In 2011, the percentages were 25 percent, 33 percent, and 35 percent, respectively.
7. While India and Pakistan’s economies are developing with the help of the service sector, China’s better economic growth is primarily attributable to the manufacturing sector.

Human Development Indicators 

1. China has outperformed India and Pakistan in most areas of human development. This is true for many other indicators, including per capita income, GDP and the proportion of the population living below the poverty line, as well as health indicators such as life expectancy, mortality rates, access to sanitation and malnourishment.
2. In terms of reducing the proportion of people living below the poverty line, Pakistan is ahead of India, as well as its performance in shifting labour from the agricultural to the industrial sectors.
3. On the contrary, India outperforms Pakistan in the healthcare and education sectors.
4. Both Pakistan and India are ahead of China in terms of improved water sources. 

Conclusion 

• India performed moderately, as can be concluded from: 

1. Agriculture continues to be the primary source of income for most people in India.
2. There are insufficient infrastructural facilities in several parts of the country.
3. It has yet to improve the standard of living of more than 22 percent of its population, which is still living below the poverty line. 

• Pakistan has had a poor performance, as is clear from: 

1. Political insecurity in the country.
2. The volatile performance of the agricultural sector.
3. Increased reliance on remittances.
4. Excessive reliance on foreign loans on the one hand, and increasing difficulty in repaying these loans on the other. 
5. China has performed comparatively the best, as can be concluded from:

• Rise in the level of economic growth while also alleviating poverty.
• It used the market mechanism to generate additional economic and social opportunities without committing to any political action.
• China has ensured rural social security by allowing individuals to cultivate the land and retaining collective land ownership.
• In China, government intervention in the provision of social infrastructure has led to positive results in human development. 

Indian Economic Development Class 11 Notes 

Students can refer to Indian Economic Development Class 11 Chapter 10 Notes by registering and logging in on Extramarks. After logging in, students can refer to these notes whenever they need them at their own pace. Also, these are prepared by subject-matter experts in a systematic and easy-to-understand way to make the concepts easier for students to grasp. 

Revision Notes of Comparative Development Experiences of India and Its Neighbours

Chapter 10 Indian Economic Development Class 11 Notes cover everything in this chapter in great detail. After the end of the Cold World War, all the countries worldwide started adopting different means to achieve economic growth and development. India, China, and Pakistan were also started incorporating similar strategies for economic development at that time. 

Development Strategy 

China 

All the critical sectors in China were brought under the control of the government. Various economic reforms, including dual pricing, were introduced in different phases. To attract foreign investors, China even set up special economic zones.

Pakistan

Pakistan adopted a mixed economy structure where the public and the private sectors co-existed. Pakistan promoted the Green Revolution and even received a lot of financial support from western countries to achieve rapid economic growth. 

India

India adopted a mixed economy as a strategy for its economic development. As a result, both the public and the private sectors functioned simultaneously in the country. The country also introduced a five-year plan model to achieve rapid growth. Refer to Indian Economic Development Chapter 10 Class 11 Notes for a more detailed explanation. 

The Performance of India was Moderate

India had a major performance growth after the adoption of the new economic strategy. However, the majority of the people are still today into agriculture. Moreover, around 22% of the population still lives below the poverty line, indicating that the country still has enough to do to increase the standard of living of its people. 

Pakistan is a Poor Performer

Pakistan’s performance fell short of expectations. This nation’s political instability is the primary cause of its poor economic growth. The agricultural sector performed inconsistently, and it continues to be overly dependent on remittances from other nations.

China is a Clear Winner

China has been the best in terms of economic performance and has been able to raise its economic growth while alleviating poverty at the same time. It has used a market mechanism for creating many economic and social opportunities. The country has shown the concept of collective ownership of land and allowed its individuals to cultivate the land. The government intervention to provide better social infrastructure has also helped in human development.