NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health

Biology is a branch of science and it’s probably the best science. It studies living creatures and their functions whether plants, animals, or microorganisms. It provides scientific understanding of how living and nonliving organisms interact with each other and an insight into how diverse life forms are.

NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 4  Reproductive Health refers to total well being in all aspects of reproduction and problems associated with it. It is an important topic for adolescents and young adults to get the right information from an authentic source and enhance their knowledge and understanding of it. It generates awareness and also raises questions like – Why is it significant to maintain reproductive health? What strategies can be adopted to attain a reproductively healthy society? Our country was the first nation in the world to initiate action plans at the national level of achieving a reproductively healthy society.

NCERT Solutions are highly recommended for students in high school to avoid any kind of exam pressure and help them excel in their exam. Extramarks has been constantly striving to provide students with exclusive NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4  which helps students to take note of new concepts, additional information and important chapters quickly. NCERT solutions help students to complete with their revision and clear their doubts through live sessions taken up by Extramarks subject matter experts following the systematic approach and regular practice to master the topic. Our team of subject experts have created Ch 4 Biology Class 12 NCERT Solutions after a lot of research and analysis.

Not just the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4, Extramarks’ website has plenty of study material to help students in their educational journey. In addition, students can use the Extramarks website to access resources as per their needs and requirement.. For example, NCERT books, CBSE revision notes, CBSE sample papers, CBSE previous years’ question papers, and so on.  Extramarks recommends you to browse through the resources and plan your studies smartly.

Key Topics Covered NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4

 Following are the key topics covered in NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 4:

Let us look at Extramarks’ in-depth information on each subtopic in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4- Reproduction.

Reproductive Health

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 describes Reproductive health as the state of total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e,  physical, emotional, behavioural, and social. A reproductively healthy society is one in which people have physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal relationships in terms of behaviour and emotion.

• In India, family planning measures were launched in 1951 to achieve complete reproductive health, and these tactics were examined regularly.
• Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programs are being implemented to raise public knowledge about many reproduction elements and help establish a reproductively healthy society by offering resources and assistance.

 NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 provides following steps to achieve reproductive health:

• Both governmental and non-governmental organisations use audio-visual and print media to establish awareness initiatives.
• Responsible individuals, instructors, parents, close relatives, and friends must give young adults and children accurate information and open discussions to make them aware of reproductive health.
• Sex education should be imparted in schools and universities.
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases, or STDs, must be made more widely known.
• People, particularly fertile couples and marriageable adults, need to be educated about birth control alternatives, pre-and postnatal care, and the need for childcare.

Population Explosion and Birth Control

Following World War II, specific species, particularly humans, experienced population boom , resulting in an increase in birth rate and a  decrease in death rate, maternal mortality rate(MMR), infant mortality rate(IMR), and infant mortality rate(IMR). Human life expectancy has grown because of increased health facilities and better healthcare.  and all this will put additional strain on all resources and the government needs to take serious measures to restrain this population growth

Causes

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 states causes of population explosion:

• The rate of newborn mortality is rapidly declining (IMR).
• The length of life expectancy is increasing.
• The rise in the number of persons of reproductive age.
• The mortality rate is rapidly decreasing.
• The rate of maternal mortality is quickly declining (MMR).

Steps to control Population Explosion

The following are some methods to control population explosion as per our NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4:

• Smaller families are being promoted.
• Encouraging the adoption of contraceptive techniques.
• Raising the minimum age for marriage (18 years for females and 21 years for males).
• Appreciative measures for couples with fewer children.

What are key features of an ideal contraceptive?

• It should be simple to use.
• It should be simple to obtain.
• It should be efficient.
• Side effects must be minimal or non-existent.
• Reversibility should be possible.
• Individuals’ desires, sexual drive, or conduct should not be affected.

Methods of Contraceptive

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 illustrates different methods of contraceptives such as: :

Natural Methods are based on concepts that prevent the sperm and egg from fusing. Natural barriers do not employ chemicals. Thus, there are no adverse effects, yet their success rate is restricted, and the risks of failure are significant. They aren’t completely risk-free.

• Lactational Amenorrhea
• Periodic Abstinence
• Withdrawal or Coitus-interruptus

Barrier Methods- Certain physical barriers are utilised to prevent the union of sperm and ovum.

• Condom: They are physical barriers made of a thin rubber or latex sheath that protect the penis in men and the cervix in females. Condoms for both males and females may be disposed of effortlessly. Condoms effectively reduce STD transmission because they prohibit the exchange of genital fluids between couples.

IntraUterine Devices (IUDs) are devices put into a woman’s uterus through the vaginal canal with the assistance of physicians or experienced nurses. These contraceptives are the most often used contraception for ladies who want to ensure family planning.

Oral Contraceptives- This procedure involves taking tablets that include a mixture of oral progestogens or progesterone and oestrogen. They are taken for 21 days and are skipped during the first seven days of the menstrual cycle, following which they are retaken for seven days and should only be stopped when the ladies seek to conceive.

Injectables and Implants- Females can also take specific implants or injections under the skin. These are either progesterone alone or progesterone plus oestrogen in combination. They act similarly to tablets but for a more extended amount of time.

Surgical Methods- This procedure involves using surgery to stop the movement of gametes, resulting in a failed pregnancy. They are sometimes known as sterilisation since they are the final contraception techniques. Male sterilisation is referred to as vasectomy, whereas female sterilisation is referred to as tubectomy.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 discusses another important aspect of Medical Termination of Pregnancy. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is also known as induced abortion, and it occurs when a pregnancy is ended before it reaches full term. Though MTP is used to reduce population increase, it may also play a significant role in population reduction. The use of MTP was allowed by the Indian government in 1971, but only under tight conditions to prevent its abuse.

Why go for MTP?

• To avoid unintended pregnancies.
• It’s effective in situations where continuing the pregnancy could be fatal either  for the mother, the foetus, or both.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), venereal diseases (VDs), and reproductive tract infections are illnesses or infections that are transferred through sexual activities and intercourse and infect a person’s reproductive system (RTI). Gonorrhoea, genital herpes, syphilis, genital warts, chlamydiosis, hepatitis B, trichomoniasis, and HIV/AIDS are all instances of STDs.

Abortions, pelvic inflammatory disorders (PID), ectopic pregnancies, stillbirths, infertility, and even cancer of the reproductive system are all consequences of STDs. STDs obstruct the development of a healthy society. As a result, in the case of STDs, the focus is on prevention or early identification, followed by treatment under reproductive healthcare programmes.

How to prevent STDs?

• To avoid having sex with multiple partners or strangers.
• Partners should use condoms during coitus.
• If discomfort is noticed, see an expert or a competent doctor for early illness detection and treatment.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 briefly explains the topic of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the above section. Refer to Extramarks and access notes, sample papers, questions and answers etc. benefit from it.  

Infertility

Infertility is defined as the inability to create offspring following sexual contact due to various conditions, including hereditary, physical, pharmacological, psychological, and immunological.

 The reasons could be many but there are special ways to help such couples – assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which include IVF and ET (in vitro fertilisation) (Embryo transfer).

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 Exercise and Solutions

Students can get NCERT Solutions for all chapters and other study tools, including previous year’s question papers, revision notes, past years’ question papers, etc. On the Extramarks website. Click on the below links to view NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4:

Class 12 Science Biology 4: Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 12 Science Biology 4: Short Answer Type Questions

Class 12 Science Biology 4: Long Answer Type Questions

Students may access NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 and other chapters by clicking here. In addition, students can also explore NCERT Solutions for other classes given below.

• NCERT Solutions Class 1
• NCERT Solutions Class 2
• NCERT Solutions Class 3
• NCERT Solutions Class 4
• NCERT Solutions Class 5
• NCERT Solutions Class 6
• NCERT Solutions Class 7
• NCERT Solutions Class 8
• NCERT Solutions Class 9
• NCERT Solutions Class 10
• NCERT Solutions Class 11
• NCERT Solutions Class 12

By getting access to NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4, students can easily understand all the concepts of reproduction and its different concepts.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 4

To enjoy academic excellence, students must start early and complete their syllabus ahead of the exams. . Going over the NCERT Solutions is one of the simplest ways to learn all concepts. Therefore, Extramarks has prepared NCERT Solutions for each chapter. 

Some of the advantages of using Extramarks are:

• The experienced faculty and subject matter experts from Extramarks have put together the most crucial information on this topic based on the CBSE  examination guidelines. 
• The solutions are prepared to solve almost all the doubts of the students.
• Extramarks Research and Development wing prepares authentic, concise answers which students can trust and better their performance naturally and effortlessly. 
• It will definitely help students get an edge over their peers with superior knowledge and understanding of the subject.

It saves time and students need not worry about the exam results, they will undoubtedly pass with flying colours.