NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2- Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concept

With the expansion of businesses, people require more capital and human resources to manage the business. Hence it is a common practice to move from a sole proprietorship to a partnership for business expansion. Partnerships involve two or more people coming together to undertake business and share profits. Chapter 2 of Class 12 Accountancy provides an overview of the basic concepts involved in partnership accounting. Chapter 2 will explain the nature of partnerships, discuss the Indian Partnerships Act of 1932, and prepare partners’ capital accounts under fixed and fluctuating capital. Students can get in-depth information about all these important concepts in the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2. 

It is suggested that students read the NCERT Solutions, which can assist them in understanding all of the important concepts covered in the chapter. Getting access to such dependable and trustworthy solutions can be difficult for students. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 was developed by Extramarks to address this issue and guarantee that students comprehend and learn the chapter’s material. With years of experience in accounting, industry experts prepare these solutions so that students can refer to them with assurance. If students wish to be well versed in the concepts of the partnership, they can refer to the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 provided by Extramarks.

The Extramarks website offers several study resources in addition to the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2. There include NCERT books, CBSE study manuals, practice exams, exam questions from previous years and more.

Key Topics Covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2

Extramarks Chapter 2 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts aids in thoroughly understanding the chapter’s fundamental concepts. Using this resource, students can quickly review all the important ideas covered in class, which will help them perform well on their tests.

Following are some key topics covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2:

• Nature of Partnership
• Partnership Deed
• Provisions of the Partnership Act
• Special Aspects of Partnership Account
• Maintenance of Capital Accounts of Partners
• Distribution of Profits Among Partners
• Guarantee of Partners Capital Account
• Past Adjustments
• Final Accounts

Students should thoroughly understand the concepts listed in Chapter 2 of Class 12 Macroeconomics, which explains the basic concepts of partnership accounting. It will ensure a strong base of knowledge which will help them to solve further chapters easily and efficiently. Suppose students wish to prepare well for this chapter. In that case, they can refer to the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 provided by Extramarks which will improve their knowledge of the chapter and aid their exam preparations.

Let us now look at the in-depth information on each of the above-listed subtopics in the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2:

Nature of Partnership

When two or more people collaborate to start a business and split its gains and losses, this is referred to as a partnership. According to Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act of 1932, a partnership is “the relationship between people who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.”

Individual partners of people who have formed a partnership are referred to as “partners,” and the group as “firm.” The firm’s name refers to the name under which the business is conducted. A partnership firm has no independent legal entity other than the partners who form it.

The features of the partnership, as mentioned in the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2, are below:

1. Two or More Persons: The partnership firm should have a minimum of two members to begin functioning. The maximum number of partners can be prescribed by the Companies Act 2013. Section 464 of the act allows the central government to set the maximum limit of partners for the firms, but they can be no more than 100.
2. Agreement: A partnership firm comes into existence via an agreement between the prospective partners, which can be an oral agreement or a written agreement. The agreement is preferred in a written form to avoid disputes in the future. Nonetheless, a verbal agreement is still considered valid.
3. Business: The partnership agreement should result in business activity; two or more people jointly holding property or assets is not considered a partnership. But if they own property together for running an enterprise and turning a profit, it will be viewed as a partnership.
4. Mutual Agency: In a partnership firm, business is carried out by all partners or by one acting for all the partners. It implies that all partners have the right to participate in the business’s affairs, and each partner carrying business affairs is the principal and agent for all the other partners. They can be bound by the other partners’ actions and also bound by other partners by their decisions. 
5. Sharing of Profits: The partners decide to share profits and losses arising from business transactions. It can be stated in the agreement how the partner wishes to go about this division, but if people are joining hands for charity, then that cannot be considered a partnership. 
6. Liability of Partners: Each partner is jointly liable for the dues of the partnership. Under the partnership framework, all partners have an unlimited liability towards third parties. In the event of the loss of partners, the firm can also use the partner’s assets to repay debt.

Partnership Deed

The partnership deed is a written agreement duly signed by all the partners and registered under the Partnership Act of 1932. The partnership deed provides a framework of the terms and conditions between the partners once the business begins. The main aim of the deed is to clearly state the role of each partner and ensure smooth operations for the company.

The partnership deed contains all the aspects that might affect the relationship between partners. They include the objective of the business, the contribution of capital by each partner, the ratio of profits and losses distribution by the partners and the entitlement of partners to interest on capital, interest on the loan, etc.

The following are the contents of the partnership deed:

1. The names and addresses of the firm and its main business;
2. Names and Addresses of all partners;
3. Amount of capital to be given by each partner;
4. The accounting period of the firm;
5. The date of commencement of partnership;
6. Rules regarding the operation of the Bank Accounts;
7. The profit and loss sharing ratio;
8. The rate of interest on capital, loan, drawings, etc.;
9. Mode of auditor’s appointment, if any;
10. Salaries, commission, etc., if payable to any partner;
11. The rights, duties and liabilities of each partner;
12. Treatment of loss arising out of the insolvency of one or more of the partners;
13. The settlement of accounts on the dissolution of the firm;
14. Method of settlement of disputes among the partners;
15. Rules to be followed in case of admission, retirement, or death of a partner; and
16. Any other matter relating to the conduct of business.

Rules for the Partnership in the Absence of a Partnership Deed

1. Sharing of profits: In the absence of a deed, the partners share the profits from businesses equally.
2. Salary/Commission to partners: The partners are not entitled to receive any salary or commission for their participation in the business without a partnership deed.
3. Interest on capital: No interest on capital is provided to the partners without a partnership deed.
4. Interest on drawings: No interest is charged on drawings that partners make from the firm.
5. Interest on loans: Loans the partners provide are entitled to a 6% interest rate in case of no partnership deed.
6. Right to participate in the business: regardless of the partnership deed, every partner has the right to participate in the functioning of the company.
7. Admission of partners: A new partner cannot join the partnership firm without the consent of all the partners.
8. Right to inspect the books of the firm: The partners hold the right to inspect the books of the firm and take extracts from the same.

Special Aspects of Partnership Account

A partnership form of business organisation is quite identical to a sole proprietorship type of business, but several differences must be considered while preparing accounts for partnership firms.

The following are the unique aspects of partnership accounts that constitute these exceptions:

1. Maintenance of Partners Capital Accounts: In a partnership business, capital accounts are kept using one of 2 techniques; fixed capital method and fluctuating capital approach. While the fluctuating capital technique only maintains the capital account, the fixed capital method maintains both the capital and current accounts.
2. Distribution of Profit and Loss among the partners: As the distribution of profits and losses are to be made among several individuals, a profit and loss appropriation account are constructed.
3. Adjustment for Wrong Appropriation of Profit: Any correction or adjustment that needs to be made for events of the previous years can be made easily in the partnership accounts.
4. Reconstitution of the Partnership Firm: Reconstitution refers to modifications made to the partnership agreement or partnership deed that result in developing new agreement terms between the partners. Reconstitution can be done in the light of the admission of a new partner, retirement/death of a partner or insolvency of a partner.
5. Dissolution of the Partnership Firm: Dissolution refers to the winding of the partnership business that results in the termination of all the partnership agreements. 

The first three exceptions are discussed in detail in the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2, while the rest are discussed in further chapters.

Maintenance of Capital Accounts of Partners

All transactions associated with the partners are recorded in the partner’s capital accounts. The capital accounts can include transactions such as the capital brought in by the partner, the drawings made, interest on capital, profit share, partners’ salary, the commission given to the partners, interest on drawings and the like.

There are two methods by which the transactions are recorded in the capital account;

1. Fixed Capital Method
2. Fluctuating Capital Method

A detailed explanation of the two accounts is mentioned below:

• Fixed Capital Method:

The Fixed Capital Method requires the business to keep track of two separate accounts for the numerous transactions that affect the partners’ capital. These are the Capital account and the Current account.

The capital account is concerned with the basic transactions involving the partners’ capital. In contrast, the current account is concerned with all other capital-related activities such as interest on drawings, interest on capital, salary to employees, and salary to employees aside from initial investment, additional capital, and withdrawal of capital.

• Fluctuating Capital Method:

Only one account, the capital account, is recorded and maintained for each partner under the fluctuating capital method. The partners’ capital accounts reflect all adjustments, such as interest on capital, the share of profit and loss, interest on drawings, drawings, commission to partners or salary, etc. As a result, the capital account balance fluctuates from time to time. In the absence of any guidance, this procedure must be used to define the capital account.

Distribution of Profits Among Partners

The partners divide the company’s gains and losses according to a predetermined ratio. If the partnership agreement is silent, the profits and losses of the company must be split equally among all the partners.

However, various adjustments must be made in the event of a partnership, such as interest on capital, interest on capital drawings, salary to partners, and commission to partners. It is typical to construct a Profit and Loss Appropriation Account for the firm and determine the final figure of profit and loss to be split among the partners in their profit-sharing ratio for this purpose.

The profit and Loss Appropriation Account is essentially an extension of the firm’s Profit and Loss Account. It demonstrates how the partners appropriate or divide the profits. It begins with the net profit/loss calculated by the Profit and Loss Account.

A proforma of the profit and loss appropriation account is below:

Guarantee of Partners Capital Account

A guarantee is described as a surety of a specific amount of profits by one or more partners. In some situations by the enterprise, the burden of guarantee is carried by the party providing such a guarantee. In other words, the partner who receives such a guarantee must give a minimum predetermined sum. The company or a partner will take care of the deficit if the total share of profits is less than the agreed-upon amount. The enterprise will give the partner the actual gains if the actual percentage of gains exceeds the minimum guarantee amount.

A partner may occasionally be admitted to the company with a guaranteed minimum sum in exchange for his share of the earnings. Such assurance may be offered to the new partner by all of the old partners in a specified ratio or by any of the old partners individually. When a new partner’s share of profit is less than the guaranteed amount, the old partners will pay the minimum guaranteed amount to him.

Past Adjustments 

After the final accounts have been created and the profits have been divided among the partners, occasionally, a few omissions or errors in recording transactions or preparing summary statements are detected. The omission might relate to interest on capital, interest on drawings, interest on a loan taken out by partners, interest on a partner’s salary or commission, or outstanding expenses. Additionally, any modifications to the terms of the partnership agreement or the accounting method would have a retrospective impact. All of these actions of omission and conduct require changes to mitigate their consequences.

The firm can make the necessary adjustments immediately in the capital accounts of the concerned partners instead of changing the old accounts or using the Profit and Loss Adjustment Account.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2: Exercise and Solutions

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 is a thorough reference covering all central themes from the standpoint of the test and was created by Extramarks subject matter experts. To ace any tests or examinations and pass with flying colours, students can study with NCERT solutions, which include a variety of questions, including MCQs, short answer questions and long answer questions among others.

Click on the below to view NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2: 

Class 12  Accountancy Partnership Accounts 2: Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts 2: Short Answer Type Questions

Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts 2: Long Answer Type Questions

Students may access NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 and other chapters by clicking on the links below. In addition, students can also explore NCERT Solutions for other classes below.

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The NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 will help students better comprehend the subject’s essential concepts. It will also aid in their understanding of the succeeding chapters.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2

The Extramarks-provided NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 facilitates understanding of the chapter’s basic ideas. Students may quickly review all the key concepts discussed in class by using this resource to help them revise, which will ultimately help them achieve high scores on their exams. 

The essential features of Extramarks NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 include the following:

• The structure of the NCERT solutions offers a thorough and uncomplicated overview of the basic concepts of partnership accounting.
• The Extramarks NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 provides in-depth responses to chapter questions that enable students to answer end-text queries and example test questions to help students become well-rounded in their chosen topics.
• The notes are written by extremely knowledgeable and experienced academics who closely adhere to the most recent NCERT textbooks to provide students with authentic and reliable study material.
• Extramarks regularly updates its NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Partnership Accounts Chapter 2 following the CBSE Board. Because the NCERT answers most of the questions on CBSE board exam papers, students might benefit from these useful notes in the future.