NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter

Biology is the branch of science concerned with studying living organisms and their functioning. Biologists generally study the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living species. It is a vast natural science with some unifying components that bring it together as a single, coherent topic. Medicine, nursing and allied health, pharmacy and pharmacology, dentistry, and veterinary medicine are among the occupations that require biology as a foundation.

Class 12th Biology Chapter 11 is Biotechnology: Principles and Processes. This chapter dives into the ideas and concepts that underpin Biotechnology’s foundation and best practices. These are essential skills that a student must acquire if they wish to continue their studies in Biology. The numerous rules and practices utilised in Biotechnology are the focus of this chapter.

Biology may be both enjoyable and stressful. The way a student decides to go about it determines the course of this subject. Therefore, choosing the right platform to learn a subject like Biology is very important. Extramarks have provided NCERT Solutions for Chapter 11 biology Class 12. These answers help students understand the main idea, course material, and chapter questions.

Not just NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11, Extramarks is a powerhouse of quality study material. Extramarks website houses material such as NCERT books, CBSE revision notes, CBSE sample papers, and CBSE previous year question papers for all classes for the student’s usage.

Key Topics Covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11

Mentioning below all the key topics that are covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11- Biotechnology- Principles and Processes:

Let us look at Extramarks in-depth information on each subtopic in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11- Biotechnology- Principles and Processes.

Introduction to Biotechnology

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 describes Biotechnology as a vast branch of biology that involves developing, modifying, and producing valuable goods for human welfare using both the technology and the application of live organisms and their components. Karoly Ereky, an agricultural engineer, created the phrase “biotechnology” in 1919, earning him the title of “Father of Biotechnology.”

Principles of Biotechnology

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 states that Biotechnology’s main principles, according to current biotechnology, are:

• Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering is a technique for altering the DNA of a target organism to change its phenotypic.
• Bioprocess engineering: Bioprocess engineering is the process of maintaining sterile conditions to support the growth of large quantities of desired microbes and other eukaryotic cells to produce new or modified biotechnological products such as antibiotics, and enzymes, vaccines, and other biotechnological products.

Recombinant DNA Technology-Tools for genetic engineering

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 states that the following are some of the most common genetic engineering techniques:

• First, the donor organism’s DNA is extracted as a fragment.
• Next, the vector DNA is introduced into it.
• It is then transferred to a suitable host.
• Finally, in the host organism, the recombinant DNA is cloned.

Restriction enzymes, often known as molecular scissors, cut the DNA before inserting it into the vector. These restriction enzymes aid in the insertion of methyl groups into DNA, resulting in restricted digestion of their DNA. In addition, these enzymes can cleave DNA fragments at specific recognition sequences.

Ligases

Ligases are the enzymes in charge of connecting the two DNA segments. In the presence of sticky ends, the ligation process takes place.

Separation and Isolation of DNA fragments

The separation of DNA fragments acquired during restriction is accomplished using the process known as gel electrophoresis.

Gel electrophoresis

When an electric current is conducted in an electric field, negatively charged DNA relocates through a porous polymer gel matrix to a positively charged electrode.

Visualisation

Because DNA fragments cannot be seen directly, they must first be stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr) and then subjected to UV light, producing DNA fluoresces.

Elution

The elution procedure entails removing the desired DNA fragments from the gel.

The above section of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 describes various tools for genetic engineering. To get detailed notes on the same, refer to the Extramarks website today. 

Cloning Vectors

In the following section, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 explains another vital topic, the process of Cloning.

Any DNA molecule responsible for conveying the intended gene into the host organism is referred to as a vector. Consider the plasmid. The plasmid is an extrachromosomal, self-replicating genetic substance in bacteria distinct from the rest of the chromosomal DNA. It facilitates the introduction of desired genes into the host cell. Plasmids have a replication origin, which is the location where the gene of interest is replicated as soon as it reaches the host cell. It also has the gene for antibiotic resistance.

A cloning vector must have some specific characteristics. These have been described below by NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11:

• Origin of Replication: The origin of replication is referred to as ORI. This aids in the replication of DNA fragments in the host cell, allowing the number of copies of DNA to be maintained.
• Selectable marks to identify the transformed cells: The transformation is the process of introducing a fragment of DNA into the host cells.
• Cloning site in the Cloning vector: Just one cloning site must be present to avoid complicating the cloning process. The ligation of foreign DNA is caused by the antibiotic resistance gene present as restriction sites. When the desired gene is inserted at the location of an antibiotic resistance gene, antibiotic resistance is lost. As a result, the recombinant plasmid loses its antibiotic resistance. As a result, recombinants can be chosen from non-recombinants.
• The technique of inserting the desired gene into the coding section of DNA causes an enzyme to become inactive.

Process and Recombination of DNA Technologies

The recombinant DNA technology method is divided into various parts. These parts have been discussed below by NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11:

• Isolation of the genetic material: To isolate the DNA, the membrane around it must be removed. This may be accomplished with lysozyme enzymes, which break down the cell walls of bacteria and cellulase and chitinase. Ribonucleases may be used to isolate RNA, whereas proteases can be used to remove proteins. Finally, the acquired DNA is processed with ethanol to eliminate leftover contaminants. The DNA is then extracted as thin threads suspended in water.
• Restriction digestion of the Isolated DNA: By using agarose gel electrophoresis, the restriction digestion of the DNA is accomplished. The desired gene is then inserted into the vector and bonded together with the aid of a ligase enzyme, resulting in the production of a recombinant DNA molecule.
• Amplification of Interest gene using PCR: The Polymerase chain reaction can be used to amplify the target gene in DNA (PCR). The forward primer and the reverse primer are the two sets of primers required. The DNA polymerase enzyme is used to do DNA amplification.
• Inserting Recombinant DNA into Host organism: The host cells must be more competitive to accept the recombinant DNA.
• Expression of desired protein: The primary goal of recombinant DNA technology is to produce the desired protein. As a result, the protein produced is a recombinant protein.

Bioreactors

Massive containers used to manufacture large amounts of recombinant protein are known as bioreactors. The bioreactors give the optimum development conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen) to generate the desired result.

Some parts of a Bioreactor

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 provides below some essential parts of a Bioreactor:

• Temperature control
• Agitator
• Oxygen control system
• pH control
• Foam control system
• Inlet
• Outlet
• Sampling port

Bioreactors can be of two forms- Stirred bioreactors and Sparger.

Stirred type Bioreactor

The stirrer kind of bioreactor is made up of a stirrer with a curved base that helps mix the contents. It also helps the medium’s aeration.

Sparger type Bioreactor

The air is bubbled from the bioreactor’s base, resulting in the mixing and aeration of the contents in the sparger type of bioreactor.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 Exercise and Solutions

Students can register with Extramarks and get NCERT Solutions for all chapters and other study tools, including previous year’s question papers, revision notes, extra problems, and more, on the Extramarks website. Click on the below links to view NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11:

By getting access to NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11, students can easily understand all the concepts of Biotechnology- Principles and Processes.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 11

Extramarks’ NCERT Solutions include all the major concepts and subjects required for the CBSE board examinations. Therefore, to perform well in the forthcoming board examinations, students are advised to go over NCERT Solutions available on the Extramarks website. But why Extramarks, you ask? Here’s why:

• Experts at Extramarks have years of experience and  they know what a student requires to comprehend a chapter. Therefore, it is what they present in the notes and solutions on the Extramarks website.
• These solutions help students in revising their concepts and in managing time effectively 
• These solutions have been made, keeping in mind all the guidelines of CBSE.