NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12

Biology is that branch of science which is concerned with studying living things and their processes. The word biology is sometimes substituted by the terms life sciences or biological sciences due to its vast scope and multidisciplinary nature. Structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification, and taxonomy are all topics studied by biologists. The word biology is based upon the Greek words “bios,” which means “life,” and “logos,” which means “knowledge” or “learning.”

The 12th chapter of Class 12 Biology is Biotechnology and its Applications. Biotechnology and its Applications (Chapter 12) discusses how biotechnology enhances our daily lives and the implication of biotechnology. This chapter includes biotechnology applications such as diagnostics, therapeutics, agricultural genetically modified crops, waste treatment, energy generation, bioremediation, and processed food. In addition, biotechnical applications in Medicine and Agriculture, Ethical Issues, Transgenic Animals, and other topics are covered.

Biology is very popular amongst students, and it includes many theoretical topics. Unfortunately, most students struggle to remember key terms and frequently fail to comprehend various critical life processes. Chapters like Evolution, Genetics, and Biotechnology, for example, include a variety of concepts that many students find difficult to grasp. Thus, they choose to skip them. But not anymore; Extramarks has developed detailed NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12. Subject matter specialists have developed these.

Extramarks offers students a variety of study materials to choose from. In addition, they can access several study materials for all classes. Material such as NCERT books, CBSE revision notes, CBSE sample papers, CBSE previous year question papers, and more are waiting for them at the Extramarks website.

Key Topics Covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12

Mentioned below are the key concepts covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12- Biotechnology and its Applications:

Let us now look at Extramarks’ in-depth information on each subtopic in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12- Biotechnology and its Applications.

Introduction to Biotechnology

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 explains Biotechnology as a vast field of biology that uses both the technology and the application of live organisms and their components to develop, alter, and generate useful products for human wellbeing. Karoly Ereky, an agricultural engineer, created the phrase “biotechnology” in 1919, earning him the title of “Father of Biotechnology.”

Applications of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is widely employed in various fields to modify and generate products that are beneficial to humans. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 states some of the applications highlighted below:

Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture

Agriculture uses biotechnology in a variety of ways. For example, agrochemicals, organic agriculture, and genetically modified crop-based agriculture can benefit.

It can be used to create genetically engineered creatures. GMOs are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that have had their genetic material altered.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 explains the use of genetically engineered organisms in different ways-

• Crops are resistant to abiotic conditions such as heat, cold, and other extremes.
• Pest-resistant crops
• Assist in the reduction of post-harvest losses.
• Plants can efficiently use minerals.
• Food that has higher nutritional value.

The most important use of biotechnology is the creation of pest-resistant plants. For example, bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that generates an insecticidal toxin called Bt toxin. A gene coding for Bt toxin can be extracted and introduced into the plant to give insect or pest resistance.

Bt Cotton

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 explains that Bacillus thuringiensis generates proteins that can kill lepidopterans, coleopterans, and dipterans, among other insects. In addition, they generate insecticidal protein, which becomes active once it enters the insect’s body. When this toxin attaches to the midgut, it causes cells to expand, leading to the insect’s death. Cotton plants are injected with Bt genes that have been extracted. Bt cotton is the name given to this kind of cotton.

Pest resistant plants

• Various pests attack the plants, causing loss and a reduction in the plant’s output.
• Meloidogyne incognita, a nematode that infects the roots of tobacco plants, reduces the plant’s output. RNA interference technology was utilised to prevent this. This approach includes using a complementary dsRNA molecule to silence a particular mRNA. This prevents the mRNA from being translated.

Application of Biotechnology in Medicine

Biotechnology has made a commendable contribution to the medical field. Medicinal biotechnology is the application of biotechnology in medicine.

They describe how to make humulin, which is a genetically modified insulin. Humulin is highly beneficial in treating a significant number of diabetic individuals. Insulin was previously taken from the pancreas of slaughtered animals like cows and pigs. In humans, such insulin has the potential to trigger allergies. The generation of mature and assembled insulin is the key thing for insulin manufacturing.

Gene therapy

• Gene therapy is used to treat disorders caused by genetics. Gene therapy is the process of correcting genetic abnormalities.
• A normal gene is injected into a human or an embryo to replace the defective gene in gene therapy.
• In 1990, a 4-year-old child with Adenosine deaminase deficiency received the first gene therapy. Previously, bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement treatment were used to treat this deficient illness. However, neither strategy is curative.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 has explained the applications of biotechnology in medicine in the above section. Refer to Extramarks to obtain more information on the chapter.

Transgenic Animals

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12, in detail, explains the concept of Transgenic animals in the following section.

Transgenic animals are when a new or changed gene has been put into the genome experimentally using genetic engineering techniques.

Rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, cows, fish, and other transgenic animals are only a few examples. The mouse is the only extant transgenic mammal among all other transgenic animals.

The primary goal of creating transgenic animals is:

• To make biological products.
• To investigate the many sorts of illnesses.
• Third, to examine the role of genes in the progression of the disease.

For example, before vaccinations and medications are used on humans, they must be tested for safety and toxicity.

• Finally, investigate how genes are controlled and how they impact the body’s regular functioning and development.

Applications in Aquaculture

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 helps understand how to improve fish quality and quantity using biotechnology. To enhance the process of breeding, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone is given to the fish. This aids in their growth and genetic trait improvement. It also helps to avoid a variety of disorders.

Production of Antibiotics

Plants are employed in producing antibiotics that both humans and animals can use.

It helps manufacture medicines, vaccines, and hormone therapy artificial hormones.

Ethical issues:

• Man’s manipulation of biological beings is akin to his “playing God.” It is a powerful instrument that carries a tremendous deal of responsibility.
• Any organism’s genetic alteration cannot always be foreseeable. However, it has the potential to trigger a slew of issues in the body.
• The long-term effects of introducing a GMO into an environment are unknown. It might have unpredictably negative consequences.

GEAC

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 informs that the Indian Government established the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee to monitor all decisions involving GM research and the safety of GMOs for public use.

Biopiracy

Biopiracy is defined as the utilisation of bio-resources discovered in any country by commercial and international corporations and other organisations without obtaining sufficient authority and approval from the governments and people involved and making remuneration.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 Exercise and Solutions

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By getting access to NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12, students can easily understand all the concepts relating to Biotechnology and its Applications.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 12

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• These solutions help students grasp the basics and answer writing patterns for forthcoming board exams.
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