NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9

Biology is a vast subject having various tiny details. The study of life is referred to as biology. Through many sub-disciplines or branches, biology caters to the fascinating elements. Some fields of science relate to other disciplines. The study of life appears to have contributed to the development of the world in some way. It has also provided many simple and accurate explanations that explain why things occur more scientifically.

Chapter 9 of Class 12 Biology is Strategies for Enhancement in Food production. Food is a highly essential priority to satisfy the body’s nutritional needs. Proteins, carbs, and lipids are all present in food items. With an increasing population, increasing food production has become a top priority. Plant breeding and animal husbandry are two of the most critical efforts to improve food production and fulfil the demands of an ever-increasing population.

Chapter 9 of Class 12 Biology is an intricate chapter with numerous little details, which many students find challenging. Recently, Extarmarks has come up with Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 NCERT Solutions. These solutions work wonders for students. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 are made keeping in mind all the requirements of the students by Extramarks subject experts.

Extramarks is home to an abundance of good study material. Apart from NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9,  students can use the Extramarks official website to access several other study tools. NCERT books, CBSE revision notes, CBSE sample papers, CBSE previous year question papers, and other materials are also available to registered students of Extramarks.

Key Topics Covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9

To make it convenient for the students, Extramarks has listed below the key topics that are covered in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9- Strategies for Enhancement in Food production:

Let us look at Extramarks’ in-depth information on each topic in NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9- Strategies for Enhancement in Food production.

Animal Husbandry

According to NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9, Animal Husbandry is the breeding and rearing of livestock such as cows, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, and other animals that offer milk, eggs, honey, silk, meat, fibre, and other products to people. Fisheries and poultry farming are also part of animal husbandry. The following processes are used to manage farms and farm animals:

Poultry Farm Management

Poultry farm management uses domesticated fowl (birds) for food and eggs. It consists primarily of chickens and ducks, with a few turkeys and geese thrown in. Hygiene and healthcare are important aspects of poultry management and discussion to prevent the bird flu virus. 

Dairy Farm Management

Dairy farm management includes caring for animals used to produce milk and dairy products. It entails management that can increase the milk’s quality and output. The milk output is determined by the quality of the breeds on the farm.

Animal Breeding

The breeding of animals is an essential part of animal husbandry. Its goal is to boost animal productivity while also introducing desirable qualities to the animal. Animal breeding can be of two types:

• In Breeding: Inbreeding is a process that happens between members of closely related individuals within the same breed for 4 to 6 generations. Increased homozygosity is a result of inbreeding. This is dangerous because it can cause deleterious recessive alleles to be expressed. It is possible to eradicate superior characteristics. Inbreeding depression is often a result of continued inbreeding.
• Outbreeding: Breeding between unrelated animals is known as outbreeding. Animals with no common ancestors for 5 to 6 generations are chosen for outbreeding. Then, cross-breeding can be used to get the desired characteristic.

Beekeeping

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 explains that apiculture, also known as beekeeping, maintains honey bees to produce honey and other products such as beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly. The products derived from apiculture have commercial value. Beeswax is utilised in the beauty and medicinal sectors, for example. It’s also used as a cheese coating and as a culinary ingredient.

Fisheries 

Fisheries is an important aspect of the Indian economy. The growth of the fishing industry has given employment to fishermen and farmers. Pisciculture and Aquaculture have helped to increase the number of aquatic plants and animals.Pisciculture is the artificial growing and management of capturing, processing, and selling fish such as Rohu, Catla, and Hilsa. Different strategies are used to develop pisciculture due to the increased demand for fish that has led to ‘Blue Revolution’ being implemented along the same lines as the ‘Green Revolution.

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 briefly explains the processes used to manage farms and farm animals in the above section. To get notes and details on the same, refer today to the Extramarks website.

Plant Breeding

According to NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9, Plant Breeding is a technique that has significantly increased yields. For example, the creation of high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties of rice, wheat, maize, and other crops was heavily reliant on plant breeding techniques during the Green Revolution. Plant breeding is the deliberate alteration of plant species to produce desirable plant kinds that are more suitable for cultivation, have higher yields, and are disease-resistant.

The following are the primary measures to be taken while developing a new genetic crop:

• Any breeding program’s foundation is the collection of variety. Therefore, for optimal use of naturally accessible genes in populations, it is critical to collect and maintain all of the numerous wild variants of species and relatives of farmed species.
• Parents with desirable qualities are assessed and chosen.
• The required characteristics are now cross hybridised among the selected parents. This genetically mixes the attributes in the progeny.
• Superior recombinants are chosen and tested. Those plants were selected that had the needed characteristics.
• New cultivars are tested, released, and commercialised. The yield of freshly chosen lines is assessed, and other agronomic qualities like quality, disease resistance, etc. The testing of novel kinds and cultivars is carried out by growing them in research areas.

The following are the most prevalent plant breeding methods:

• Breeding mutations
• Biofortification
• Hybridisation
• Tissue culture
• Somatic Hybridisation
• Plant breeding increases food quality and creates bug and pest resistance.

Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance

i) Methods of disease resistance

ii)Mutation

Plant Breeding for improved Food Quality and Disease Resistance to Insect Pests

Various crop species are affected by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Different infections cause 20-30% of crops to be destroyed. NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 states that plant breeding is a process for creating disease-resistant plants. Understanding the disease’s causal agent and mechanism of transmission is critical for producing disease-resistant plants.

The host plant’s resistance refers to its capacity to prevent infections from causing illness. The genetic makeup of the host is what determines this. In the event of crop losses, plant breeding and development can increase food production. It may also assist in reducing the need for bactericides and fungicides. Some of the diseases caused by fungi are rusts e.g., brown rust of wheat,   viruses cause tobacco mosaics and turnip mosaics etc. 

Selection and hybridisation are two traditional techniques of disease resistance breeding, with several sequential phases including screening germplasm (resistance sources), hybridisation (selected parents), assessment and selection of hybrids, and the introduction of novel kinds following testing.

Biofortification

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals is the best way to improve public health. It explains that Biofortification is a cutting-edge approach that uses agronomic practices, traditional plant breeding, and current biotechnology to increase the nutritional content of food. Maise hybrids with twice the quantity of amino acids, lysine, and tryptophan, were created in 2000 compared to current maize hybrids. Vitamin A enriched carrots, spinach, and pumpkin; bitter gourd, bathua, mustard, and tomato with enriched vitamin C; spinach and bathua with enriched iron and calcium; and protein-enriched beans – broad, lablab, French, and garden peas – have all been developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi.

Single Cell Protein

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 discusses another essential topic of Single Cell Protein. SCP (single-cell protein) is an alternative source of protein for both animals and humans. Microbes are grown commercially as a source of high-quality protein. Spirulina (blue-green algae) may be cultivated in huge quantities on effluent from potato processing facilities, molasses, straw, and sewage. It can be used as a high-protein, high-fat, high-mineral diet. This also aids in the reduction of pollutants in the environment.

Tissue Culture

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 describes techniques of tissue culture and somatic hybridisation that offer vast potential for manipulation of plants in vitro to produce new varieties. Tissue culture is the capacity to grow an entire plant from a single plant component. The ability to develop a whole organism/plant is called totipotency. Tissue culture requires nutritional media and growth regulators such as auxins and cytokinins. Micropropagation is a technique for generating a high number of plants in a short period of time. It will create clones, which are genetically identical plants. Virus-resistant plants, such as bananas and sugarcane, may be grown using meristem (cells capable of recurrent cell division).

NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 Exercise and Solutions

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have curated resources for students to understand every concept and answer any question easily. This encourages the students to master the topic and increases their confidence level in achieving a higher grade.  

Extramarks provides quality study material to students of all classes irrespective of their level. Click on the links given below to view NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9:

Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Very Short Answer Type Questions

Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Short Answer Type Questions

Class 12 Biology Chapter 9: Long Answer Type Questions

Students can access NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9 and other chapters by clicking here. In addition, students can also explore NCERT Solutions for other classes given below.

• NCERT Solutions Class 1
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By getting access to NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9, students can easily understand all the concepts related to “Strategies for Enhancement in Food production”.

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 9

Students are often advised to go through NCERT Solutions before board examinations. And for a subject as intricate as Biology, it is essential to go through these NCERT Solutions. Extramarks NCERT Solutions are a one-stop solution for all your queries. Want to know why? Here is the answer

• These NCERT Solutions have been prepared by Extramarks subject matter experts and experienced faculty keeping in mind the latest CBSE updates regarding the examination pattern. These solutions are useful for both the teachers and the students and they can be accessed anywhere without much hassle. .
• Going through these solutions creates a sense of confidence in students, confident that they have grasped the key concepts of the chapter at one go because it is written in an easy to understand language by the experts.
• These solutions will help you save time and pay attention to other subjects as well. That itself reduces stress and anxiety to a great extent. It will help students get an edge over their peers with superior knowledge and understanding of the subject.