Important Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom With Answers

Plant kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms under Kingdom Plantae. Plant groups differ in body organisation, vascular tissues, reproductive structures, seeds, and life cycle patterns.

Plant evolution becomes easier when each group is read as a step forward in organisation. Algae are thalloid and mostly aquatic, bryophytes need water for fertilisation, pteridophytes introduce vascular tissues, gymnosperms produce naked seeds, and angiosperms enclose seeds inside fruits. Important Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 test classification systems, algae classes, bryophyte life cycle, heterospory, gymnosperm features, and NCERT exercise-based comparisons for CBSE 2026.

Key Takeaways

• Algae: At least half of total carbon dioxide fixation on earth occurs through algal photosynthesis.
• Bryophytes: These plants depend on water for sexual reproduction.
• Pteridophytes: These are the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues.
• Gymnosperms: Their ovules remain exposed before and after fertilisation.

Important Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 Structure 2026

Important Questions Class 11 Biology Chapter 3: Key Concepts

These class 11 biology chapter 3 important questions cover the NCERT base. Read them before solving group-wise questions.

Q1. What Is Plant Kingdom In Class 11 Biology?

Plant Kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Fungi, Monera, and Protista members with cell walls are excluded.

1. Main Groups:
   Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms.
2. Excluded Groups:
   Fungi, Monera, and Protista.
3. Final Result:
   Plant Kingdom includes major plant groups under Kingdom Plantae

Q2. Why Are Cyanobacteria Not Treated As Algae Now?

Cyanobacteria are not treated as algae now because they are prokaryotic. They belong to Kingdom Monera.

1. Earlier Name:
   Blue-green algae.
2. Correct Placement:
   Kingdom Monera.
3. Final Result:
   Cyanobacteria are not true algae in modern classification

Q3. What Are Artificial Classification Systems?

Artificial classification systems use a few superficial characters. They often separate closely related species.

1. Common Criteria:
   Habit, colour, leaf number, leaf shape, androecium structure.
2. Main Limitation:
   Equal weightage to vegetative and sexual characters.
3. Final Result:
   Artificial systems are based on limited visible characters

Q4. What Are Natural Classification Systems?

Natural classification systems use natural affinities among organisms. They consider external and internal features.

1. Internal Features:
   Anatomy, embryology, ultrastructure, phytochemistry.
2. Example:
   Bentham and Hooker system for flowering plants.
3. Final Result:
   Natural systems reflect broader plant relationships

Q5. What Are Phylogenetic Classification Systems?

Phylogenetic classification systems are based on evolutionary relationships. They assume organisms in the same taxon share a common ancestor.

1. Main Basis:
   Evolutionary relationship.
2. Modern Use:
   Accepted in present classification.
3. Final Result:
   Phylogenetic classification reflects common ancestry

Q6. What Are Numerical Taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, And Chemotaxonomy?

Numerical taxonomy, cytotaxonomy, and chemotaxonomy use additional data to solve classification problems.

1. Numerical Taxonomy:
   Uses coded observable characters processed by computers.
2. Cytotaxonomy:
   Uses chromosome number, structure, and behaviour.
3. Chemotaxonomy:
   Uses chemical constituents.
4. Final Result:
   Modern taxonomy uses multiple evidence sources

Plant Kingdom Class 11 MCQ With Answers

These plant kingdom class 11 MCQ questions test direct NCERT facts. They follow CBSE 2026 exam style.

Q1. Which Group Is Not Included In Plantae Now?

Fungi are not included in Plantae now. They are placed in a separate kingdom.

1. Options:
   (A) Algae
   (B) Bryophytes
   (C) Fungi
   (D) Gymnosperms
2. Rule Used:
   Fungi are excluded from Plantae.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (C) Fungi

Q2. Which Algal Group Stores Food As Floridean Starch?

Rhodophyceae stores food as floridean starch. It is commonly called red algae.

1. Options:
   (A) Chlorophyceae
   (B) Phaeophyceae
   (C) Rhodophyceae
   (D) Bryophytes
2. Rule Used:
   Red algae store floridean starch.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (C) Rhodophyceae

Q3. Which Pigment Dominates In Brown Algae?

Fucoxanthin dominates in brown algae. It gives olive green to brown shades.

1. Options:
   (A) Chlorophyll b
   (B) Fucoxanthin
   (C) r-phycoerythrin
   (D) Anthocyanin
2. Rule Used:
   Phaeophyceae contains fucoxanthin.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (B) Fucoxanthin

Q4. Which Group Is Called Amphibians Of Plant Kingdom?

Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom. They live on soil but need water for sexual reproduction.

1. Options:
   (A) Algae
   (B) Bryophytes
   (C) Pteridophytes
   (D) Gymnosperms
2. Rule Used:
   Bryophytes need water for fertilisation.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (B) Bryophytes

Q5. Which Plant Group First Shows Vascular Tissues?

Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues.

1. Options:
   (A) Algae
   (B) Bryophytes
   (C) Pteridophytes
   (D) Liverworts
2. Rule Used:
   Pteridophytes possess xylem and phloem.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (C) Pteridophytes

Q6. Which Of These Is Heterosporous?

Selaginella is heterosporous. It produces microspores and megaspores.

1. Options:
   (A) Funaria
   (B) Selaginella
   (C) Ulothrix
   (D) Spirogyra
2. Rule Used:
   Selaginella produces two spore types.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (B) Selaginella

Q7. Which Gymnosperm Has Coralloid Roots?

Cycas has coralloid roots. These roots associate with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

1. Options:
   (A) Pinus
   (B) Cycas
   (C) Cedrus
   (D) Eucalyptus
2. Rule Used:
   Cycas has specialised coralloid roots.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (B) Cycas

Q8. Which Alga Produces Agar?

Gelidium and Gracilaria produce agar. Agar helps grow microbes and prepare jellies.

1. Options:
   (A) Gelidium
   (B) Volvox
   (C) Chara
   (D) Ulothrix
2. Rule Used:
   Agar comes from red algae.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (A) Gelidium

Q9. Which Moss Provides Peat?

Sphagnum provides peat. Peat is used as fuel and packing material.

1. Options:
   (A) Marchantia
   (B) Funaria
   (C) Sphagnum
   (D) Selaginella
2. Rule Used:
   Sphagnum holds water and forms peat.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (C) Sphagnum

Q10. Which Plant Has Naked Seeds?

Gymnosperms have naked seeds. Their ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall.

1. Options:
   (A) Algae
   (B) Bryophytes
   (C) Gymnosperms
   (D) Angiosperms
2. Rule Used:
   Gymnosperms have exposed ovules.
3. Final Result:
   Answer: (C) Gymnosperms

Algae Class 11 Important Questions

Algae class 11 important questions focus on pigments, stored food, cell wall, reproduction, and economic importance. NCERT divides algae into Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae.

Q1. What Are Algae?

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic, and largely aquatic organisms.

1. Body Form:
   Simple and thalloid.
2. Habitat:
   Mostly freshwater and marine.
3. Nutrition:
   Autotrophic.
4. Final Result:
   Algae are simple photosynthetic plant-like organisms

Q2. How Do Algae Reproduce?

Algae reproduce vegetatively, asexually, and sexually.

1. Vegetative Reproduction:
   Fragmentation.
2. Asexual Reproduction:
   Zoospores are common.
3. Sexual Reproduction:
   Fusion of gametes.
4. Final Result:
   Algae show three reproductive methods

Q3. What Is Isogamy In Algae?

Isogamy is fusion of similar gametes. These gametes may be flagellated or non-flagellated.

1. Example With Flagella:
   Ulothrix.
2. Example Without Flagella:
   Spirogyra.
3. Final Result:
   Isogamy involves similar gametes

Q4. What Is Anisogamy In Algae?

Anisogamy is fusion of dissimilar gametes. The gametes differ in size.

1. Example:
   Eudorina.
2. Main Feature:
   Gametes are unequal.
3. Final Result:
   Anisogamy involves unequal gametes

Q5. What Is Oogamy In Algae?

Oogamy is fusion between a large non-motile female gamete and a small motile male gamete.

1. Female Gamete:
   Large and non-motile.
2. Male Gamete:
   Small and motile.
3. Examples:
   Volvox and Fucus.
4. Final Result:
   Oogamy shows clear gamete differentiation

Q6. What Is The Economic Importance Of Algae?

Algae fix carbon dioxide, increase dissolved oxygen, and act as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems.

1. Food Use:
   Porphyra, Laminaria, and Sargassum.
2. Commercial Products:
   Algin, carrageen, and agar.
3. Protein Supplement:
   Chlorella.
4. Final Result:
   Algae support food chains and industries

Q7. What Are Chlorophyceae?

Chlorophyceae are green algae. Their dominant pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

1. Stored Food:
   Starch.
2. Cell Wall:
   Inner cellulose and outer pectose.
3. Examples:
   Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Chara.
4. Final Result:
   Chlorophyceae are green algae

Q8. What Are Phaeophyceae?

Phaeophyceae are brown algae. They occur mainly in marine habitats.

1. Pigments:
   Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids, xanthophylls.
2. Stored Food:
   Laminarin and mannitol.
3. Examples:
   Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.
4. Final Result:
   Phaeophyceae are brown marine algae

Q9. What Are Rhodophyceae?

Rhodophyceae are red algae. Their red colour comes from r-phycoerythrin.

1. Habitat:
   Mostly marine.
2. Stored Food:
   Floridean starch.
3. Examples:
   Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria, Gelidium.
4. Final Result:
   Rhodophyceae are red algae

Q10. Differentiate Between Red Algae And Brown Algae.

Red algae and brown algae differ in pigments, stored food, and reproduction.

1. Brown Algae:
   Fucoxanthin, laminarin, mannitol, biflagellate zoospores.
2. Red Algae:
   r-phycoerythrin, floridean starch, non-motile spores and gametes.
3. Final Result:
   Red algae lack flagellated reproductive stages

Bryophytes Class 11 Important Questions

Bryophytes class 11 important questions cover amphibian nature, gametophyte dominance, liverworts, mosses, and sporophyte dependence.

Q1. Why Are Bryophytes Called Amphibians Of Plant Kingdom?

Bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom because they live on soil but need water for sexual reproduction.

1. Land Feature:
   They grow in damp soil.
2. Water Need:
   Antherozoids need water to reach archegonium.
3. Final Result:
   Bryophytes depend on water for fertilisation

Q2. What Is The Main Plant Body Of Bryophytes?

The main plant body of bryophytes is haploid gametophyte. It produces gametes.

1. Body Nature:
   Thallus-like or erect.
2. Attachment:
   Rhizoids attach it to substratum.
3. Final Result:
   Bryophyte gametophyte is dominant

Q3. What Are The Sex Organs In Bryophytes?

Bryophytes have multicellular sex organs called antheridium and archegonium.

1. Male Sex Organ:
   Antheridium.
2. Female Sex Organ:
   Archegonium.
3. Final Result:
   Bryophytes bear multicellular gametangia

Q4. What Is Sporophyte In Bryophytes?

Sporophyte is the multicellular body formed from zygote. It remains attached to gametophyte.

1. Nutrition:
   Depends on photosynthetic gametophyte.
2. Function:
   Produces haploid spores by meiosis.
3. Final Result:
   Bryophyte sporophyte is dependent

Q5. What Are Liverworts?

Liverworts are bryophytes with thalloid, dorsiventral plant bodies. Marchantia is a common example.

1. Habitat:
   Moist and shady places.
2. Asexual Structure:
   Gemmae in gemma cups.
3. Final Result:
   Liverworts include Marchantia

Q6. What Are Gemmae In Marchantia?

Gemmae are green multicellular asexual buds. They develop inside gemma cups on the thallus.

1. Reproduction Type:
   Asexual.
2. Germination:
   Detached gemma forms a new individual.
3. Final Result:
   Gemmae help liverworts reproduce asexually

Q7. What Are Mosses?

Mosses are bryophytes with a dominant gametophyte stage. Funaria and Sphagnum are common examples.

1. First Stage:
   Protonema.
2. Second Stage:
   Leafy stage.
3. Final Result:
   Moss gametophyte has protonema and leafy stages

Q8. Differentiate Between Liverworts And Mosses.

Liverworts and mosses differ in body form and gametophyte development.

1. Liverworts:
   Thalloid and dorsiventral body.
2. Mosses:
   Protonema followed by leafy stage.
3. Final Result:
   Mosses have a distinct protonema stage

Pteridophytes Class 11 Important Questions

Pteridophytes class 11 important questions test vascular tissues, sporophyte dominance, homospory, heterospory, and seed habit evolution.

Q1. What Are Pteridophytes?

Pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues. They include horsetails and ferns.

1. Vascular Tissues:
   Xylem and phloem.
2. Main Plant Body:
   Sporophyte.
3. Final Result:
   Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams

Q2. What Is The Main Plant Body In Pteridophytes?

The main plant body in pteridophytes is sporophyte. It has true roots, stems, and leaves.

1. Roots:
   True roots.
2. Leaves:
   Microphylls or macrophylls.
3. Final Result:
   Pteridophyte sporophyte is dominant

Q3. What Are Sporophylls?

Sporophylls are leaf-like structures that bear sporangia. In some pteridophytes, they form cones.

1. Sporangia:
   Produce spores by meiosis.
2. Cone Examples:
   Selaginella and Equisetum.
3. Final Result:
   Sporophylls bear sporangia

Q4. What Is Prothallus?

Prothallus is the gametophyte of pteridophytes. It is small, multicellular, free-living, and mostly photosynthetic.

1. Habitat Need:
   Cool, damp, shady places.
2. Sex Organs:
   Antheridia and archegonia.
3. Final Result:
   Prothallus is the pteridophyte gametophyte

Q5. Why Is Water Required In Pteridophytes?

Water is required for transfer of male gametes to archegonium. Antherozoids swim through water.

1. Male Gamete:
   Antherozoid.
2. Female Organ:
   Archegonium.
3. Final Result:
   Pteridophyte fertilisation needs water

Q6. What Is Homospory?

Homospory is production of one kind of spores. Most pteridophytes are homosporous.

1. Spore Type:
   Similar spores.
2. Example:
   Many ferns.
3. Final Result:
   Homosporous plants produce one spore type

Q7. What Is Heterospory Class 11 Biology?

Heterospory is production of two kinds of spores, microspores and megaspores.

1. Microspores:
   Form male gametophytes.
2. Megaspores:
   Form female gametophytes.
3. Examples:
   Selaginella and Salvinia.
4. Final Result:
   Heterospory is linked to seed habit evolution

Q8. Why Is Heterospory Important In Evolution?

Heterospory is important because it is a precursor to seed habit. The female gametophyte remains retained on parent sporophyte.

1. Retention:
   Female gametophyte stays on sporophyte.
2. Embryo Development:
   Zygote develops within female gametophyte.
3. Final Result:
   Heterospory marks a step towards seed habit

Q9. Name The Four Classes Of Pteridophytes.

The four classes are Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida.

1. Psilopsida:
   Psilotum.
2. Lycopsida:
   Selaginella, Lycopodium.
3. Sphenopsida:
   Equisetum.
4. Pteropsida:
   Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum.
5. Final Result:
   Pteridophytes have four major classes

Gymnosperms Class 11 Important Questions

Gymnosperms class 11 important questions cover naked seeds, cones, reduced gametophytes, pollen grains, and ovule structure.

Q1. What Are Gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms are plants with naked seeds. Their ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall.

1. Ovule Condition:
   Exposed before fertilisation.
2. Seed Condition:
   Exposed after fertilisation.
3. Final Result:
   Gymnosperms have naked seeds

Q2. What Are Common Features Of Gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms include trees and shrubs with tap roots. Their leaves adapt to extreme temperature, humidity, and wind.

1. Roots:
   Usually tap roots.
2. Stem:
   Branched or unbranched.
3. Leaves:
   Simple or compound.
4. Final Result:
   Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants

Q3. What Are Coralloid Roots?

Coralloid roots are specialised roots in Cycas. They associate with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

1. Plant Example:
   Cycas.
2. Function:
   Nitrogen fixation.
3. Final Result:
   Coralloid roots help nitrogen association

Q4. What Is Mycorrhiza In Gymnosperms?

Mycorrhiza is fungal association with roots. Pinus shows this association.

1. Plant Example:
   Pinus.
2. Partner:
   Fungus.
3. Final Result:
   Mycorrhiza supports gymnosperm roots

Q5. What Are Male And Female Cones In Gymnosperms?

Male cones bear microsporophylls, while female cones bear megasporophylls.

1. Male Cone:
   Microsporangiate strobilus.
2. Female Cone:
   Megasporangiate strobilus.
3. Final Result:
   Gymnosperms produce cones or strobili

Q6. What Is A Pollen Grain In Gymnosperms?

Pollen grain is the reduced male gametophyte. It develops inside the microsporangium.

1. Origin:
   Microspore.
2. Transport:
   Air currents.
3. Final Result:
   Pollen grain carries male gametophyte

Q7. How Does Fertilisation Occur In Gymnosperms?

Fertilisation occurs when pollen tube carries male gametes towards archegonia.

1. Pollen Transfer:
   Air currents bring pollen to ovule opening.
2. Pollen Tube:
   Grows towards archegonia.
3. Final Result:
   Gymnosperm fertilisation occurs inside ovule

Q8. Why Are Gymnosperm Seeds Called Naked?

Gymnosperm seeds are called naked because they are not enclosed inside fruits.

1. Ovary Wall:
   Absent around ovule.
2. Fruit Formation:
   Absent.
3. Final Result:
   Gymnosperm seeds remain exposed

Angiosperms Class 11 Questions And Answers

Angiosperms class 11 questions focus on flowers, enclosed seeds, fruit formation, and division into dicots and monocots. NCERT gives a brief scope in this chapter.

Q1. What Are Angiosperms?

Angiosperms are flowering plants with enclosed seeds. Their ovules develop inside flowers.

1. Reproductive Structure:
   Flower.
2. Seed Position:
   Enclosed in fruit.
3. Final Result:
   Angiosperms produce covered seeds

Q2. How Are Angiosperms Different From Gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have enclosed seeds, while gymnosperms have naked seeds.

1. Angiosperms:
   Seeds enclosed in fruits.
2. Gymnosperms:
   Seeds remain exposed.
3. Final Result:
   Seed enclosure separates angiosperms from gymnosperms

Q3. What Are The Two Classes Of Angiosperms?

Angiosperms are divided into dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

1. Dicotyledons:
   Seeds usually have two cotyledons.
2. Monocotyledons:
   Seeds usually have one cotyledon.
3. Final Result:
   Angiosperms include dicots and monocots

Q4. Why Are Angiosperms Economically Important?

Angiosperms provide food, fodder, fuel, medicines, and commercial products.

1. Food Source:
   Many crop plants are angiosperms.
2. Commercial Value:
   Medicines and useful plant products.
3. Final Result:
   Angiosperms are highly useful flowering plants

Plant Kingdom Class 11 NCERT Questions

These plant kingdom class 11 NCERT questions follow exercise-based patterns. They help students revise answer formats for CBSE 2026.

Q1. What Is The Basis Of Classification Of Algae?

Algae are classified mainly on pigments, stored food, cell wall, flagellation, and habitat.

1. Chlorophyceae:
   Chlorophyll a and b, starch.
2. Phaeophyceae:
   Fucoxanthin, laminarin, mannitol.
3. Rhodophyceae:
   r-phycoerythrin, floridean starch.
4. Final Result:
   Pigment and stored food are major algae classification bases

Q2. When And Where Does Reduction Division Occur In Plant Groups?

Reduction division occurs during spore formation in lower plants and during gamete or endosperm-related stages in seed plants.

1. Liverwort:
   In capsule during spore formation.
2. Moss:
   In capsule during spore formation.
3. Fern:
   In sporangia during spore formation.
4. Gymnosperm:
   In microsporangia and megasporangia during spore formation.
5. Angiosperm:
   In anther and ovule during microspore and megaspore formation.
6. Final Result:
   Meiosis restores haploid phase in plant life cycles

Q3. Name Three Groups Of Plants That Bear Archegonia.

Bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms bear archegonia.

1. Bryophytes:
   Archegonium forms egg.
2. Pteridophytes:
   Archegonium occurs on gametophyte.
3. Gymnosperms:
   Archegonia occur in female gametophyte.
4. Final Result:
   Archegonia occur in bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms

Q4. Briefly Describe The Life Cycle Of A Moss.

Moss life cycle has dominant gametophyte and dependent sporophyte.

1. Spore Germination:
   Spore forms protonema.
2. Gametophyte Stage:
   Leafy stage bears sex organs.
3. Fertilisation:
   Antherozoid fuses with egg.
4. Sporophyte:
   Zygote forms foot, seta, and capsule.
5. Final Result:
   Moss has alternation of generations

Q5. Mention The Ploidy Of Given Plant Structures.

Ploidy tells whether a structure is haploid or diploid.

1. Protonemal Cell Of Moss:
   Haploid.
2. Primary Endosperm Nucleus In Dicot:
   Triploid.
3. Leaf Cell Of Moss:
   Haploid.
4. Prothallus Cell Of Fern:
   Haploid.
5. Gemma Cell In Marchantia:
   Haploid.
6. Meristem Cell Of Monocot:
   Diploid.
7. Ovum Of Liverwort:
   Haploid.
8. Zygote Of Fern:
   Diploid.
9. Final Result:
   Gametophytic structures are haploid, sporophytic structures are diploid

Q6. Write A Note On Economic Importance Of Algae.

Algae are economically important as food, primary producers, and commercial product sources.

1. Food:
   Porphyra, Laminaria, Sargassum.
2. Hydrocolloids:
   Algin and carrageen.
3. Agar:
   Gelidium and Gracilaria.
4. Supplement:
   Chlorella.
5. Final Result:
   Algae support aquatic life and industries

Q7. Write A Note On Economic Importance Of Gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms are useful as timber, ornamental plants, and resin sources. NCERT highlights their trees, shrubs, and large plant forms.

1. Timber Value:
   Many gymnosperms provide wood.
2. Ornamental Value:
   Cycas and conifers are grown ornamentally.
3. Ecological Value:
   They dominate many forest habitats.
4. Final Result:
   Gymnosperms have ecological and commercial value

Q8. Both Gymnosperms And Angiosperms Bear Seeds. Why Are They Classified Separately?

They are classified separately because gymnosperms have naked seeds, while angiosperms have enclosed seeds.

1. Gymnosperms:
   Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall.
2. Angiosperms:
   Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
3. Final Result:
   Seed enclosure separates both groups

Q9. What Is Heterospory? Give Two Examples.

Heterospory is production of two kinds of spores, microspores and megaspores.

1. Microspores:
   Produce male gametophytes.
2. Megaspores:
   Produce female gametophytes.
3. Examples:
   Selaginella and Salvinia.
4. Final Result:
   Heterospory is important for seed habit evolution

Q10. Explain Protonema With Example.

Protonema is the first gametophytic stage in moss. It develops directly from the spore.

1. Structure:
   Creeping, green, branched, filamentous stage.
2. Example:
   Funaria.
3. Final Result:
   Protonema forms the leafy moss stage

Q11. Explain Antheridium With Example.

Antheridium is the male sex organ in bryophytes and pteridophytes. It produces male gametes.

1. Gametes:
   Antherozoids.
2. Example:
   Mosses and ferns.
3. Final Result:
   Antheridium produces male gametes

Q12. Explain Archegonium With Example.

Archegonium is the female sex organ in bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms.

1. Shape:
   Flask-shaped in bryophytes.
2. Function:
   Produces egg.
3. Final Result:
   Archegonium produces the female gamete

Q13. Explain Sporophyll With Example.

Sporophyll is a leaf-like structure that bears sporangia.

1. Function:
   Supports spore formation.
2. Example:
   Selaginella sporophylls form strobili.
3. Final Result:
   Sporophyll bears sporangia

Q14. Explain Isogamy With Example.

Isogamy is fusion of similar gametes.

1. Flagellated Example:
   Ulothrix.
2. Non-flagellated Example:
   Spirogyra.
3. Final Result:
   Isogamy involves similar gametes

Q15. Differentiate Between Homosporous And Heterosporous Pteridophytes.

Homosporous pteridophytes produce one spore type, while heterosporous pteridophytes produce two spore types.

1. Homosporous:
   Spores are similar.
2. Heterosporous:
   Microspores and megaspores occur.
3. Examples:
   Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous.
4. Final Result:
   Heterospory leads towards seed habit

Q16. Match The Following.

The correct matching is Chlamydomonas with algae, Cycas with gymnosperm, Selaginella with pteridophyte, and Sphagnum with moss.

1. Chlamydomonas:
   Algae.
2. Cycas:
   Gymnosperm.
3. Selaginella:
   Pteridophyte.
4. Sphagnum:
   Moss.
5. Final Result:
   Answer: a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i

Q17. Describe Important Characteristics Of Gymnosperms.

Gymnosperms are vascular plants with naked seeds and exposed ovules.

1. Roots:
   Usually tap roots.
2. Cones:
   Male and female strobili.
3. Spores:
   Heterosporous.
4. Seeds:
   Not enclosed in fruits.
5. Final Result:
   Gymnosperms produce naked seeds